17
The remaining nominal demonstratives this, these, that, those, refer to the location of something, typically some entity-person or object- that is participating
in the process; they therefore occur as elements within the nominal group. For instance, see these sentences below:
31
“There’s a new mall in the Gading Serpong called Summarecon Mall Serpong.
Maybe we’ll go there tomorrow.‖
32
1.3 Comparative Reference
Comparative Reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similarity. This reference is divided into two: general and particular comparison.
33
The system as follows:
31
Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin, Op,Cit, p.17
32
Ibid
33
Textual Cohesion,
http:www.uniroma2.itdidatticaling_ing1_linfodepositoTextual_cohesion.doc ,
downloaded on 27 April 27, 2015
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Identity same
equal identical,
identically General Similarity
such similar, so similarly likewise
Difference other
different else,
differently otherwise
Comparison Numerative more
fewer less
further additional; so- as- equally-
+quantifier, eg: so many Particular
Epithet comparative adjectives and
adverbs, eg: better; so- as- more-
less- equally-
+comparative adjectives and adverbs, eg: equally good
Scheme 2: Comparative Reference
Comparative reference divided into two: general comparison and particular comparison. General comparison expresses likeness between things. The likeness
may take the form of identity, where „two things‟ are like each other. While
19
particular comparison must be a standard of reference by which one thing is said to be superior equal, or inferior in quality or quantity.
34
2. Substitution
Another kind of grammatical cohesion is substitution. Substitution is a relation between linguistic items or it is as replacement of one item by another.
Substitution, on the other hand, is relation within the text. A substitute is a sort of counter which is used in place of the repetition of particular item, for example:
a.
My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one.
b.
You think Joan already knows? I think everybody does.
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One and does are both substitutes: one substitutes for axe, and does for knows. It follows that, as general rule, the substitute item has the same structural function
as that for which it substitutes. In the above example one and axe are both Head in the nominal group; and does; knows are both Head in the verbal group.
Since substitution is grammatical relation, a relation in the wording rather than in meaning, the different types of substitution are defined grammatically rather
than semantically. The criterion is the grammatical function of substitute item. In English, the substitute may function as a noun, as a verb, or as a clause. To these
corresponds the three types of substitution: Nominal, verbal, and clausal.
36
34
Halliday and Hasan, p.76
35
Mizan Mahbub, Op,Cit www.englishstudyhelp.blogspot.com
downloaded on 23 April 21, 2015
36
Ibid
