Statements of the Problem Scope of the Study

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This research is conducted to find out the types of figurative meaning. That is why; the researcher needs some theories to accelerate in conducting it. The references are essential for the researcher, to reach the purpose of the study. This study would consist of the following theories:

2.1. Semantics

The study of the linguistics meaning or morphemes, words, phrases and sentences is called ―semantics‖. Semantic is concerned with aspects of meaning in language. Work in semantic dealt with the description of word and sentence meaning. There are certain kinds of meaning or certain aspects of meaning in linguistics Lyons, 1981: 139. Geoffrey Leech 1974:9 explains that semantics as the study of meaning is central to the study of communication, and as communication becomes more and more pressing. Katz 1972: 1 also states that semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentence and other linguistics object express, not with the arrangement with their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation. The term of Semantics is the recent addition to the English language. Semantics is the philosophical and scientific study of meaning. The word semantics is derived from the Greek verb ― semaino ‖ to signify or to mean. Semantics is part of the larger study of signs, semiotics. It is the part that deals with words as signs symbols and language as a system of signs words as symbols. Hipkiss, 1995:IX Semantics has been variously described as the science of sign, of symbolic behavior or of communication-system. It focuses on the scope of the term communication. There are certain concepts relevant to the investigation of all communication-systems, human and non-human, natural and artificial. A signal is transmitted from a sender to a receiver a group a receivers along a channel of communication. The signal will have a particular form and will convey a particular meaning or message. The connection between the form of the signal and its meaning is established by what in a rather general sense of the term is commonly referred to Semiotics as the code: the message is coded by the sender and decided by the receiver. Semantics is one of branches of linguistics studying about the meaning, and it is considered as a major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language Crystal, 1991: 310. From this definition, we have to know what is meant by meaning. For thousand years, philosophers have been pondering the meaning of meaning, speakers of a language can understand what is said to them and can produce strings of words that are meaningful to other speakers Fromkin, 1983: 151. According to the story of semantics, meanings are ideas or concepts that are able to be transferred from the speakers mind to the hearers mind by embodying them, as it were, in the forms of one language or another.