9
Dynamic characters include the protagonist in most novels, which by virtue of their very size and scope provide such excellent vehicle for illustrating
the process of change. Static characters leave the plot as they entered it, largely untouched by the
events that have taken place. Although static characters tend to be minor one, because the author‘s principal focus is elsewhere, this is not always the case.
Characterization and character are the two contradiction elements. Character is a person in the story while the characterization is the way which the
author used how to represent the character in the story.
12
From these understanding, it can be concluded that characterization is the means by which writers present and reveal character. The process characterization
in a story is usually narrative description with explicit judgment.
13
Characterization can be generalized from these techniques to list the following major methods of revealing character in fiction:
1. Action. We judge people by the way they act, particularly in crucial
situation. 2.
A person’s speech. Like his action, can be revealing. In addition to showing such thing as age, nationality, education, all of which serve as
identification. Speech can reveal habits of mind and the reaction to people and events both sharply indicative of character.
3. Description. Physical appearance can be a clue to character, but the
writer of fiction seldom stresses it.
12
Ibid, p.56
13
Ibid
10
4. Environment. The presenting of a person’s surroundings, particularly
those he deliberately chooses, including the recreations he keeps contributing to an understanding of his character.
5. Thought. To reveal a person’s thought is an act of omniscience.
Mental states, such as nervous, anger, horror, can be indicated by physical reaction, such as sweating palms, etc.
6. Explanation. Explanation is an outright statement by the narrator
about his characters.
14
Those descriptions can be concluded that characterization is the process, which a writer makes the character seems real to viewers or we also can say that
the characterization will be easily investigated.
B. Sigmund Freud’s of Psychoanalysis Theory
1. The Structural Elements of Personality
During the 1890s, the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud is a
prominent figure who is very creative and productive in writing works. One of his famous works is the theory about psychoanalysis.
He explained that unconscious is larger than consciousness in human‘s mind. He introduced a number of new terms for the theoretical construction; he
used to describe human mind. He compared the human mind to an iceberg which unconsciousness is larger than consciousness. He believed that the total
14
Ralph, H. singleton, Stanton Millet, An Introduction to Literature, New York: The World Publishing Company, 1966, p.82
11
personality is organized into three major systems; they are id which is concerned with the immediate discharge of energy tension; ego which regulates the
interactions of the person with his environment; and superego which represents
the moral and judicial aspect of personality. These three systems are in constant interaction.
15
1 ID Das Es
In the book of An outline of Psycho-Analysis, Freud states that the human beings are born with their Id. The Id
is an important part of human‘s personality because as newborns, it allows the human to get basic needs. Id is the eldest and
the most dominant elements in the structure of human personality. Id is the apparatus personality that is filled of aggressive impulse and libido. It is based on
pleasure principle. On the other hand, Id wants whatever feels good at the time without consideration for the reality of situation.
The psychical apparatus by studying the individual development of human beings is named Id. It contains everything that is inherited, that
is present at birth including the instincts. That is laid down in the constitution- therefore the instincts which originate from the somatic
organization and which find a first psychical expression. This oldest portion of the psychical apparatus remains the most important
throughout life, the investigations of psychoanalysis started with it.
16
15
http:www.lucidcafe.comlibrary96mayfreud.html. accessed 05.32 pm on June 13,
2012
16
James Strachey, An outline of Psycho-Analysis New York: WW Norton Company Inc, 1967p. 1-2.
12
The Id is the original system of the personality; it is the matrix within which the Ego and the Superego become differentiated. The Id does not care
about reality and the needs of anyone else only its own satisfaction. When the Id wants something nothing else important.
2 Ego Das Ich
The Ego is mediator between the Id and the Superego. The Ego is the executive branch of the personality because it controls the gateways to action,
selects the features of the environment to which it will respond, and decides what instincts will be satisfied of their manner. Here are the principal characteristics of
the Ego. In consequence of the pre-established connection between sense perception and muscular action, the Ego has voluntary movement at its command.
It has the task of self-preservation. As regards external event, it is performed that task by becoming aware of stimuli by storing up experiences about them, by
avoiding excessively strong stimuli, by dealing with moderate stimuli and finally by learning to bring about expedient changes in the external world to its own
advantage. Finally, the Ego is conscious mind.
17
3 Superego Das Uber Ich
The third and last system of personality to be developed is the Superego. The Superego contains our social morals values which often come from the rules
of right and wrong that we learned in childhood from our parents. The Superego has a model of an ego ideal and which is uses as prototype against which
compares the Ego and towards which it encourages the Ego to move. The
17
Psychoanalysis apparatus, http;webspace.ship.educgboerfreud.html. accessed on June, 2012 07.07 pm
