12
The Id is the original system of the personality; it is the matrix within which the Ego and the Superego become differentiated. The Id does not care
about reality and the needs of anyone else only its own satisfaction. When the Id wants something nothing else important.
2 Ego Das Ich
The Ego is mediator between the Id and the Superego. The Ego is the executive branch of the personality because it controls the gateways to action,
selects the features of the environment to which it will respond, and decides what instincts will be satisfied of their manner. Here are the principal characteristics of
the Ego. In consequence of the pre-established connection between sense perception and muscular action, the Ego has voluntary movement at its command.
It has the task of self-preservation. As regards external event, it is performed that task by becoming aware of stimuli by storing up experiences about them, by
avoiding excessively strong stimuli, by dealing with moderate stimuli and finally by learning to bring about expedient changes in the external world to its own
advantage. Finally, the Ego is conscious mind.
17
3 Superego Das Uber Ich
The third and last system of personality to be developed is the Superego. The Superego contains our social morals values which often come from the rules
of right and wrong that we learned in childhood from our parents. The Superego has a model of an ego ideal and which is uses as prototype against which
compares the Ego and towards which it encourages the Ego to move. The
17
Psychoanalysis apparatus, http;webspace.ship.educgboerfreud.html. accessed on June, 2012 07.07 pm
13
Superego is a counterbalance to the Id and seeks to inhibit the Id ‘s pleasure-
seeking demands, particularly those for sex and aggression. Adapun fungsi pokok das Uber ich itu dapat dilihat dalam hubungan
dengan ketiga aspek kepribadian itu, yaitu: a
Merintangi impuls-impuls dan Es, terutama impuls-impuls seksual dan agresif yang pernyataannya sangat ditentang oleh masyarakat.
b Mendorong das ich untuk lebih mengejar hal-hal yang moralistis
daripada yang realistis. c
Mengejar kesempurnaan.
18
There are two aspects to the superego: one is the conscious which is an internalization of punishments and warnings. The other is called the Ego Ideal. It
derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. The conscious and Ego Ideal communicate their requirements to the Ego with feelings like pride,
shame and guilt. It is as if we acquired in childhood, a new set of needs and accompanying wishes, this time of social rather than biological origins.
19
2. Sexual Stage Development
The child passes through a series of dynamically differentiated stages
during the first five years of life, following which for a period of five or six years-
the period of latency- the dynamics becomes more or less stabilized.
20
With the advent of adolescent, the dynamic erupt again and then gradually settle down as
the adolescent moves into adulthood.
18
Sumadi Suryabrata, Psikologi Kepribadian Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2006p. 127
19
Ibid p.128
20
Calvin S. Hall. Theories of Personality. New York: John Wiley Sons. p. 52
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1
The Oral Stage
The principal source of pleasure derived from the mouth is that of eating. Eating involves tactual stimulation of the lips and oral activity and swallowing or
if the food is unpleasant, spitting out. These two modes of oral activity, incorporation of food and biting, are the prototypes for many later character traits
that develop. Biting or oral aggression may be displaced in the form sarcasm and
argumentativeness by displacement and sublimation of various kinds, as well as by against the primitive oral impulses. Furthermore, since the oral stage occurs at
time the baby is almost completely dependent upon its mother for sustenance, feelings of dependency arise during this period.
In this stage, the gratification of needs will lend to the formation of independence since the baby forms a clear idea about the limits of the self and
has formed its ego, and trust since the baby learned that specific behaviors will lead to gratification. On the other hand, a fixation can lead to passivity,
gullibility, immaturity, and unrealistic optimism, and also to the formation of a generally manipulative personality due to improper formation to the ego. This can
be the result of either too much or too little gratification. In the case of too much gratification, the child does not learn that not everything is under its control and
that gratification is not always immediate which are the results of weaning, forming an immature personality. On the other hand, the child‘s needs may be
insufficiently met, and thus the child becomes passive since it has learned that whether it produces behavior or not, no gratification will come. In some societies
15
it is common for a child to be nursed by its mother for several years, whereas in others the stage is much shorter. Sucking and eating, however, compose the
earliest memories for infants in every society. This stage holds special importance because some tribal societies commonly found in the Southwest Pacific and
Africa, consider the stomach to be the seat of emotions.
21
2 The anal stage
After the food has been digested, the residue accumulates in the lower end of the intestinal tract and is reflex discharged when the pressure upon the anal
sphincters reaches a certain level. The expulsion of the faces removes the source of discomfort and produces a feeling or relief.
According to the theory, the major experience during this stage is toilet training. This occurs by the age of two there may be fluctuations among different
societies as to the age in which toilet training occurs, and results to conflict between the id, which asks for immediate gratification of its drives that involves
elimination and activities related to it such as handing faces and the demands of their parents. The resolution of this conflict can be gradual and non-traumatic, or
intense and stormy, depending on the methods the parents will use to handle the situation. The ideal resolution will comes if the child tries to adjust and the
parents are moderate, so that the child will learn the importance of cleanliness and order gradually, which will lead to self-controlled adult. If the parents emphasize
on toilet training too much while the child decides to accommodate, this may lead to the development of compulsive personality, extensively concerned about order
21
C. Thompson. Psychoanalysis: Evolution and development. New York: Grove Press 1950 pp. 7-8
