1975: 92. In other words, an individual who realizes his or her lackness will have the sense of necessity to solve their lackness by achieving something.
Therefore, the needs of human is the determining factor of someone for having a motivation.
a. The Need to Achieve by Ruch
The need for achievement is defined operationally as behavior which shows effort to do one’s best, to do better than others or to accomplish something.
It is believed that success comes to the one who works hard, for example the parents give such a reward for their children if they do their task until it is
accomplished or to learn about new skills and not being quitters. A reward itself can give the children motivation to do the best as they can. Ruch, 1967: 395-
404. Maslow argues that the classification of human has their own hierarchy
of needs starting from basic physiology needs and increasing to self-actualization needs 1985: 40. Based on his statement, the necessity of human being that is
various becomes the main motivation of them to continue their life for the sake of their self-fulfillment, including fulfilling the needs of basic physiology, and self-
actualization.
b. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
Pettijohn
mention that there is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a humanistic theory that incorporates several different types of needs. People first must satisfy physiology
needs, which include hunger, thirst and sex. Safety needs include security, stability, protection and freedom from fear and anxiety.
Belongingness and love needs include motives such as love and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
affection. Esteem needs include a high evaluation of oneself, self respect, self esteem and the esteem of others. When these needs have been met,
people are motivated by self actualization, the full realization of one’s
potential. Pettijohn: 1992: 375 Maslow argues that the hierarchy is important to reveal “higher needs can
only emerge only as lower needs are sati sfied.” qtd in. McClelland, 1985: 41. It
means that as a human being, our necessity will start from the primary needs. In this case, the primary needs is the physiological needs that include air, shelter,
water, food, sleep, and sex. After all of these things are fulfilled, human can upgrade their necessity to a higher level, such as safety and security, continued by
social needs, such as friendship and family as the need for belongingness and love, continued by esteem needs need for self-esteem, confidence, and
achievement, and ended with self-actualization needs the need of creativity, problem solving, authenticity, and spontaneity.
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, three types of needs can be fulfilled simultaneously, such as physiological needs, safety and security, and social needs
as long as the physiological needs are fulfilled. The reason is because physiological needs is the means of survivability in human being, without it,
human being will be unable to sustain their life or survive. This figure below will illustrate the explanation about Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs that have been explained previously: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Figure 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
c. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation also can be divided into two parts, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This statement is claimed by Huffman. He claims that
Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act for its own sake in an individual. There is no external influence on the intrinsic motivation. To
be distinguished from the intrinsic one, extrinsic motivation is more desire to perform an act because of external reward or avoidance of
punishment Huffman, 2000: 401.
Based on the quotation above, it means that intrinsic motivation is a form of motivation that is derived inside yourself, without any external influence, for
example: strong free will from an individual, due to a personal goal that they would like to achieve. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is a form of
motivation that is derived from the external influences, such as achieving external reward, or avoiding external punishment. For example, you would like to achieve
a good grade in order to be accepted in a job, while avoiding bad grade in order to avoid any assumption that you are not capable for a job.
