Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

18 Athena. By analyzing Athena psychologically, it gives better understanding towards the main subject of this study. The id, the ego, and super-ego presented by Freud analyze Athena deeply. By using psychoanalysis the psychological aspect of Athena as seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello can be revealed. The Theory of Critical Approaches proposed by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. becomes the second basic approaches to examine a literary works. The concepts presented by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. examine Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello through five various approaches. Those approaches analyze the aspects of the novel critically. Next, the novel is examined using the theory of motivation from Abraham Maslow. This theory is necessary to examine the novel the way it is intended. This theory used to give deep analysis to Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello. This is the final step that eventually concludes the whole study as seen in the final chapter. The upbringing of this concepts leads this study to the next, final evaluation to Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello. Forth, theories employed are the theory of character and characterization. This theory is significant because this study examines the Athena – the main character of Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello. The concepts of character here follow the theories proposed by Stanton. Furthermore, Holman and Harmon’s theory of characterization develops this study. The final theory used is the theory of love, since it is impossible for a mere human to live without love. It differentiates which kind of love among Athena and 19 the other characters of the story. Furthermore, the analysis using this theory answer one aspect of the second research question.

2.3. Context of the Novel

This session deals with social, cultural, political, and economical situation of the novelist and the novel. This was taken from the interviews by Valerie Reiss with Paulo Coelho, the author of The Witch of Portobello included in the Novel.

2.3.1. The Novelist

The social situation when Paulo Coelho wrote this novel mainly deals with love, where he said that love is so hard for us to accept – because it implies suffering. Next, the Cultural situation of the author concerns with dancing. Paulo Coelho does dance and he does not think about anything when he dances. Where the political situation states that the major religions—Christianity, Judaism, and Moslem—they deny somehow that God has a feminine face. Last, the economical situation Paulo Coelho has is outstanding since he succeeds with his prior novels before The Witch of Portobello.

2.3.2. The Novel

The Witch of Portobello’s social situation takes place in the early 21 st century, where people relations with others are modern. The cultural situation of the author concerns with rituals, where Athena always does in the story. Next, the political 20 situation states that what Athena’s doing becomes controversy. Last, the economical situation of the novel refers to economical situation in the early 21 st century, where the characters of the novel relatively in a good economic condition since it have never been stated that any of them is lacking of fund.