Self-actualization Theory of Motivation

13 is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualized people tend to have motivators such as truth, justice, wisdom, and meaning. Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization. 2.1.3.2.Esteem Needs After a person feels that he “belongs”, the urge to attain a degree of importance emerges. Esteem needs can be categorized as external motivators and internal motivators. Internally motivating esteem needs are those such as self-esteem, accomplishment, and self respect. External esteem needs are those such as reputation and recognition. Some examples of esteem needs are recognition external motivator, attention external motivator, social status external motivator, accomplishment internal motivator, self-respect internal motivator, and success. Maslow later improved his model to add a layer in between self-actualization and esteem needs: the need for aesthetics and knowledge. 2.1.3.3.Social Needs Once a person has met the lower level physiological and safety needs, higher level motivators awaken. The first level of higher level needs is social needs. Social 14 needs are those related to interaction with others and may include friendship, acceptance, affection, belonging to a group, and giving and receiving love. 2.1.3.4.Safety Needs They are security, shelter, freedom from fear and anxiety. Once physiological needs are met, one’s attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security, and financial reserves might fulfil such needs. According to the Maslow hierarchy, if a person feels threatened needs further up the pyramid will not receive attention until that need has been resolved. 2.1.3.5.Physiological Needs Physiological needs are those required to sustain life, such as air, water, food, sex, and sleep. According to Maslow’s Needs Pyramid, if these fundamental needs are not satisfied then one will surely be motivated to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not recognized until one satisfies the needs basic to existence. 1987, pp. 123-154

2.1.4. Theory of Character and Characterization

Stanton 1965 states that character is commonly used in two ways. The first is that character designates the individuals who appear in the story. The second is that character refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles 15 that makes up each of these individuals p. 17. Character gives a certain situation or circumstance in the story because he or she shows his or her emotions in it. Holman and Harmon 1986 believed that in lyric, essay, and autobiography, authors reveal aspects of their own character; in biography and history, authors present the characters of actual person; and in fiction drama, novel, short story, and narrative poem authors reveal the characters of imaginary persons. The creation of the imaginary persons so they exist for reader as lifelike is called characterization p. 81.

2.1.5. Theory of Love

Sternberg 1986 comes up with a Triangular Theory of Love. The underlying idea of this theory is that love can be dissected into three main parts: intimacy, passion and decisioncommitment.

2.1.5.1. Intimacy

This encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness, and boundedness. With passion, there is the initial infatuation, the strong emotions, and the attraction. It involves a high level of trust between two individuals.