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Meanwhile, one of the approach introduced by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. in their work Reading and Writing About Literature in 1971 is the psychological
approach: The psychological involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. This approach tries to find the human psychology such as human
personality in the literary work. In applying these psychological theories the student must once again be careful not to take the part for the whole and reduce a piece of
literature to a mere statement of a behavior pattern pp. 13-15.
2.1.3. Theory of Motivation
The basis of Maslows motivation theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher
needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow 1987, there are general types of needs namely physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem that must be satisfied before
a person can act unselfishly. He calls these needs deficiency needs. As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-
actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy, while preventing gratification makes us sick or acts evilly pp. 80-122.
As a result, for adequate workplace motivation, it is important that leadership understands the active needs active for individual employee motivation. In this
manner, Maslows model indicates that fundamental, lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher-
level motivators along the lines
of self-fulfillment. As
depicted in the
following hierarchical “Maslows Needs Triangle
the next need one rank higher starts to motivate.
2.1.3.1. Self-actualization
Self-actualization quest of reaching one’s
hierarchical diagram, sometimes called “Maslows Needs Needs Triangle”, after a need is satisfied it stops acting
the next need one rank higher starts to motivate.
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Figure 2.1. Maslow’s Needs Pyramid
actualization
actualization is the summit of Maslow’s motivation theory. reaching one’s full potential as a person. Unlike lower level
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Needs Pyramid” or acting as a motivator and
motivation theory. It is about the lower level needs, this need
