Michael Jackson is the world best rock singer that has ever visited our

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1. Michael Jackson is the world best rock singer that has ever visited our

country. 2. Everything that happened here was my responsibility. 3. Who is used for a person. Examples: 1. The man who is speaking is a bank manager. 2. A pilot is a person who flies an airplane. 3. Whom is used for a person as object. Examples: 1. The girl whom I met yesterday had left for Europe. 2. The man whom the car belongs to is a businessman. 3. Whose is used for a person to show a possession. Examples: 1. A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. 2. The man whose house is very luxurious works for a foreign private company. 3. Which is used for a thing to show a choice. Examples: 1. This is the film which tells us about the Vietnam War. 2. The car which he broke last night is being repaired by a mechanic. 18 The relative pronouns who whichthat relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns The student who studies hardest usually does the best.. The word who connects or relates the subject, student, to the verb within the dependent clause studies. Choosing correctly between which and that and between who and whom leads to what are probably the most frequently asked questions about English grammar. For help with whichthat, Generally, we use which to introduce clauses that are parenthetical in nature i.e., that can be removed from the sentence without changing the essential meaning of the sentence. For that reason, a which clause is often set off with a comma or a pair of commas. That clauses, on the other hand, are usually deemed indispensable for the meaning of a sentence and are not set off with commas. The pronoun which refers to things; who and its forms refers to people; that usually refers to things, but it can also refer to people in a general kind of way. Example: 1. This is the house that Jack built. The sentence consists of two clauses, a main clause This is the house and a relative clause that Jack built. The word that is a relative pronoun. Within the relative clause, the relative pronoun stands for the noun phrase it references in the main clause its antecedent. The expanded forms of the relative pronouns are: whoever, whomever, and whatever are known as indefinite relative pronoun. 19 Examples: 2. The coach will select whomever he pleases. 3. He seemed to say whatever came to mind. 4. Whoever crosses this line first will win the race.

2.2.4 Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pronouns are words that are used to point out something Slamet Riyanto, 2008:68. According to Martha Kolln 1998 a demonstrative pronoun that points to a particular noun or to the noun it replaces. The most common demonstrative pronoun is this plural these and they refer to what is near at hand and that plural those generally refers to what is farther away. In English, demonstrative pronouns are: 5. This is used to point out the singular noun that is near to us. Examples: 1. This is a nice bag. 2. This album is good. 3. These is used to point out the plural noun that is near to us. Examples: 1. These are nice bags. 2. These albums are good. 3. That is used to point out the singular noun that is far to us. Examples: 20 1. That is an old friend. 2. That is my answer. 3. Those is used to point out the plural noun that is far to us. Examples: 1. Those are old friends. 2. Those problems are very serious. This; that; these; and those; used in the sentences above are demonstrative pronouns that substitute nouns when the nouns they replace can be understood from the context. They also indicate whether they are replacing singular or plural words and give the location of the object. The demonstrative pronoun is also mentioned as determiners, the demonstratives adjectivally modify a noun that follows. A sense of relative distance in time and space can be conveyed through the choice of these pronounsdeterminers: Examples: 1. These pancakes sitting here now on my plate are delicious. 2. Those pancakes that I had yesterday morning were even better. 3. This book in my hand is well written; 4. That book that Im pointing to, over there, on the table is trash. 21 A sense of emotional distance or even disdain can be conveyed with the demonstrative pronouns: Examples: 1. Youre going to wear these? 2. This is the best you can do? When used as subjects, the demonstratives, in either singular or plural form, can be used to refer to objects as well as persons. Examples: 1. This is my father. 2. That is my book. In other roles, however, the reference of demonstratives is non-personal. In other words, when referring to students, say, we could write Those were loitering near the entrance during the fire drill as long as it is perfectly clear in context what those refers to. But we would not write The principal suspended those for two days; instead, we would have to use those as a determiner and write The principal suspended those students for two days. 1. Reflexive Pronoun Reflexive Pronouns are words that are used to express something that has a reciprocal relation Slamet Riyanto, 2008:67. According to Rudyard 2003:907 a reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that ends in -self or -selves, used as an object to 22 refer to a previously named noun or pronoun in a sentence. The most common use of the reflexive pronoun is an object that reflects back to the subject and to add emphasis to a noun. In English, reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves . The reflexive pronouns indicate that the sentence subject also receives the action of the verb. Students who cheat on this quiz are only hurting themselves. You paid yourself a million dollars? She encouraged herself to do well. What this means is that whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a sentence there must be a person to whom that pronoun can reflect. In other words, the sentence Please hand that book to myself would be incorrect because there is no I in that sentence for the myself to reflect to and we would use me instead of myself. A sentence such as I gave that book to myself for Christmas might be silly, but it would be correct. When pronouns are combined, the reflexive will take either the first person. Example: 1. Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves into believing in my uncle. Or when there is no first person, the second person: Example: 23 2. You and Carlos have deceived yourselves. 2.2.6 Reciprocal Pronoun Reciprocal Pronouns are pronoun that indicate the individual members of a plural subject mutually react one on the other Murphy 1990:375. According to Mark 1990:256 a reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses mutual action or relationship. Furthermore, Fowler and Aaron 1995 states that we use the reciprocal pronouns to indicate that two people can carry out an action and get the consequences of that action at the same time. In English the reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. They are convenient forms for combining ideas. If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas, we can say that they gave each other books or that they gave books to each other. Example: 3. My mother and I give each other a hard time. If more than two people are involved lets say a whole book club, we would say that they gave one another books. This rule if it is one should be applied circumspectly. Its quite possible for the exchange of books within this book club, for example, to be between individuals, making each other just as appropriate as one another. Reciprocal pronouns can also take possessive forms: 24 Examples: 4. They borrowed each others ideas. 5. The scientists in this lab often use one anothers equipment. To simplify the sentences where the same general idea is expressed two or more times. Example: 1. On their wedding day Jhon gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave Jhon a gold ring. Using the reciprocal pronoun, “each other”, this could be rewritten: = On their wedding day Mary and Jhon gave each other gold rings. To refer to more than two people, say the students in a classroom, then we could use the reciprocal pronoun, “one another”. Examples: 2. The students in this classroom cooperate with one another. 3. The teachers gathered to congratulate one another on the year’s conclusion. The reciprocal pronoun are each other and one another, each other for two people or things, and one another for more than two.

2.2.7 Indefinite Pronoun

25 Indefinite Pronoun are words that are always considered Singular and require a verb in a singular form Slamet Riyanto, 2008:74. According to Limburg 1993:223 Indefinite pronouns are words which stand for an indefinite number or quantity of persons or things; but, unlike adjective pronouns, they are never used as adjectives. The indefinite pronouns everybody anybody somebody all each every some none one do not substitute for specific nouns but function themselves as nouns Everyone is wondering if any is left. One of the chief difficulties we have with the indefinite pronouns lies in the fact that everybody feels as though it refers to more than one person, but it takes a singular verb. Everybody is accounted for. If you think of this word as meaning every single body, the confusion usually disappears. The indefinite pronoun none can be either singular or plural, depending on its context. None is nearly always plural meaning not any except when something else in the sentence makes us regard it as a singular meaning not one, as in None of the food is fresh. Some can be singular or plural depending on whether it refers to something countable or noncountable. There are other indefinite pronouns: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some. Examples: 1. Few will be chosen; fewer will finish. 2. Little is expected. 26 Sometimes we may want to talk about people or things, but we may not know who or what they are. We can use anybody instead of anyone; everybody instead of everyone; and so on. We use everybody when we want to include all the people. But we use anybody when we want to refer to just one person, or do not know the person or people we want to include. Examples : 1. Does everybody know what happened to Anne? It looks like everyone knows. 2. Does anyone know what happened to Anne? One or more may or may not know. We use both no one and anyone to exclude all people, but we use anyone in negative sentences and no one in positive sentences. Examples: 3. There was no one in the room. 4. There wasn’t anyone in the room. The verb which follows any of the pronouns above is always in the singular: Examples: 1. Everyone is sleeping soundly. 2. Everything has been lost in the fire. 27 The words nothing, no one and nobody are used with affirmative verbs. But they make the sentence negative. If the verb is negative, then use anything, anyone, or anybody instead. These two sentences mean the same thing. Notice how the pronouns are used: Examples: 1. We have nothing now. 2. The fire destroyed everything. 3. We don’t have anything now. 4. The fire destroyed everything. In formal English, we sometimes use one to refer to a person we do not want to name, to people in general, and even to ourselves. We use the same form both as the subject and as the object. Examples: 1. One must be alert at all times. 2. The collapse of the condominium forces one to consider safety measures. One or ones can also be used to refer to things or people, not necessarily in a general way. Use ones for the plural. For things: Examples: 28 1. I would like this one. 2. May your troubles be little ones? For people: Examples: 1. She is the one who did all the work. 2. The quite students are the ones I worry about. 2.2.8 Possessive Pronoun Possessive Pronouns are words that is used to show the possession Slamet Riyanto, 2008:65. According to Leech 2002:145 states that a pronoun that can take the place of a noun phrase to show ownership as in This phone is mine. Furthermore Michael 2002:89 Possessive pronouns are, in short, exactly that: they are the pronouns that help us show possession in the English language. Usually to show possession, we have two options that are grammatically correct. First, we can use an apostrophe and an s: Example: 1. Sarah’s brother was named Alex. Or, we can use of: Example: 2. The brother of Sarah was named Alex. However, when we want to use a pronoun to show possession, we cannot use subject pronouns. 29 Example: 3. He name was Alex. “He” is a subject pronoun. Replace it with the appropriate possessive pronoun, and it will make a lot more sense: Example:

4. His name was Alex.