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Standardized Tests Types of Assessment

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a. Standardized Tests

Standardized tests provide uniform procedure for administering and scoring the students. Standardized tests are widely used at the school, local education authority and school board. These tests cover a wide range of subjects and can be commercially purchased or developed specially for state or national testing purposes. According James H. McMillan and Sally Schumaher, there are some different types of standardized test based on the use of the tests. 6 1. Norm-Reference and Criterion-Referenced Test The main types of standardized tests are norm-referenced and criterion referenced tests. Norm-referenced tests are essentially comparative, in that they rank students and are designed to allow comparison of students’ performance relative to that of other students. 7 The purpose of a norm-referenced and criterion-referenced interpretation is to show how individual scores compare with scores of a well-defined reference or norm group individuals. 2. Achievement and Aptitude Tests Achievement tests measure students’ performance in a particular school subject or topic at a given time. Aptitude tests cover a broader area and are less closely ties to the school curriculum. 8 The purpose of an aptitude test is to predict future performance. The result is used to make a prediction about performance on some criterion, prior to instruction, placement, or training. Meanwhile, achievement test have a more restricted coverage, are more closely tied to school subjects and measure more recent learning than aptitude test. Also, the purpose of achievement test is to measure what has been learned, rather than to predict future performance. 6 James H. McMillan and Sally Schumaher, Research in Education: Evidence Based Inquiry, Boston: Pearson Education, Inc, 2006, p. 189. 7 Daniel Muijs and David Reynolds, Effective Teaching: Evidence and Practice, ....., p.231. 8 Daniel Muijs and David Reynolds, Effective Teaching: Evidence and Practice, ....., p.232. 8 From the explanation above, it can be seen that standardized tests are often used for large- scale assessment and for measuring students’ achievement across the region in a standardized way. It is designed in the high quality of the items. Also, most standardized test is prepared commercially by measurement experts. Consequently, whatever is tested is typically defined in broad and general items. 9 In the other hand, standardized tests are often mismatched between what students have learnt in class and what measured by the test in the lack of flexibility of these tests. They also offer less insight into students’ thought process than do a number of alternative assessment methods.

b. Teacher-Made Tests

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