Kontaminasi Kultur Media Penelitian UjiBiokimia Hasil Pewarnaan Gram Hasil Pengamatan Jamur Mikroskopis Hasil Pewarnaan LPCB

b. Kontaminasi Kultur

Kultur eksplan daun Apel Kultur eksplan Bunga betina Kelapa Sawit Kultur eksplan Biji Balaka Kultur eksplan Apical Bud Kelapa Sawit

c. Media Penelitian

Media NA dan Media PDA Reagen Pewarnaan Gram Universitas Sumatera Utara

d. UjiBiokimia

e. Hasil Pewarnaan Gram

f. Hasil Pengamatan Jamur Mikroskopis

Universitas Sumatera Utara

g. Hasil Pewarnaan LPCB

Penicillium sp. Fusarium sp. Mucor sp. Aspergillussp. Aspergillussp. Neurosporasp. Universitas Sumatera Utara Lampiran 6 Flowchart Bergeys Manual Identification of Bacteriology Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR PUSTAKA Altan, F., Burun, B. Sahin, N. 2010.Fungal Contamination observed during micropopagation of Lilium candidum L. and the effects of chemoteurapeutic substances applied after sterilization.African journal of Biotechnology.97: 991-995 Barbosa, H.R., Rodrigues, M.F.A., Campos, C. C., Chaves, M.E., Nunes, I., Juliano, Y. Novo N.F. 1994. Counting of viable cluster of forming and cluster non-forming bacteria: a comparison between the drop and the spread methods. Journal of Microbial Methods. 221 : 39-50 Braswell, J.R., Spiner, D.R. Hoffman, R.K. 1970.Adsorption of formaldehyde by various surfaces during gaseous decontamination.Journal of American Society for Microbiology. 205: 765-769 Buckley, P. M., Dewilde, T.N Reed, B. M. 1995.Characterization and Identification of Bacteria isolated from micropopagated Mints Plant.Journal in Vitro Cell Biology. 31: 58-64 Chen, W. L. Yeh, D. M. 2007.Elimination of in vitro contamination, shoot multiplication, and ex vitro rooting of Aglaonema.Journal of Hort Science. 423: 629-632 Connoly, G. P. Fletcher, J.T. 1981. Procedures for the generation of formaldehyde vapour to fumigate structure. Journal Plant Pathology. 302 : 245-250 Dreyfus, W.M. 1983. Review of formaldehyde fumigation. Journal American Public HealthAssociation : New York. Pages 1046-1049 Dwidjeseputro, D. 1978. Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi.Jakarta : Penerbit Djambatan. hlm. 91-92 Gandjar, I., Samson, R.A., Vermulen. K. V. D., Oetari,ASantoso, I. 1999.Pengenalan Kapang Tropik Umum. Yayasan Obor Indonesia: Jakarta. Hal. 136. Hoffman, R.K Spiner, D.R. 1970.Effects of relative humidity on the penetrability and sporocidal activity of formaldehyde.Journal American Society for Microbiology. 204 : 616-619 Holt, J.G., Cowan, S.C., Murray, R.G.E. Stainer, R.Y. 1994. Bergeys Manual of Determinative of Bacteriology. California: United stated of America. pages 571-576 Irianto, A. 2002. Mikrobiologi Lingkungan. Edisi Pertama. Pusat Penerbitan Universitas Terbuka: Jakarta. hlm. 72. Universitas Sumatera Utara Jena, R. C. Samal, K.C. 2011.Endogenous microbial contamination during in vitro culture of sweet potato Ipomea batatas L. Lam identification and prevention.Journal of Agricultural Technology. 76:1725-1731 Lay, B. W. 1994. Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. hlm. 150-156 Leggats Waites, W.M. 1988.Characterization of microorganisms isolated from plants during micropopagation.Journal of Acta Horticultures and Bacterial Contamination in vitro.225: 93-101 Leifert, C. Cassels, A. C. 2001.Microbial Hazards in Plant Tissue and Cell Cultures.Journal in vitro Cell Biology Plant.37:133-138 Listiandini, K. 2011. Identifikasi Kapang Endofit ES1, ES2, ES3 dan ES4 dari Broussonetia papynifera Vent.dan Pengujian Aktivitas Antimikroba.Depok : Universitas Indonesia. hlm 8-12 Mbah, E.I Wakil, S. M. 2012.Elimination of Bacteria from in vitro Yam Tisuuse Cultures using Antibiotics.Journal of Plant Pathology. 941: 53-58 Msogoya,T., Kanyagha, H., Mutigih, J., Kulebelwa, M Mamiro, D. 2012.Identification and management of microbial contaminants of bananas in vitro cultures.Journal of Apllied Biosciences.55:3987-3994 Munro, M., Lanser, J. Flower, R. 1999.A comparative study of methods to validate formaldehyde decontamination of biological safety cabinets.Journal of applied and enviromental microbiology.652 : 873- 876 Mwrigi, P. N., Kahangi, E. M., Nyende, A. B. Mamati, E. G. 2010.In vitro of the Kenyan Yam Dioscorea spp..African journal Hort Sciences.3:112- 122 Omamor, I. B., Asemota, A. O., Eke, C. R. Eziashi, E. I. 2007. Fungal contaminants of the Oil Palm Tissue Culture in Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research NIFOR. African Journal of Agriculture Research. 210 : 534-537 Pelczar, M. J Chan, E. C.S. 1988. Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi. UI Press: Jakarta. hlm. 642-643. Putri, I. A. 2009. Kajian Glycocalyx Bakteri pada Kontaminasi Ulin Eusidoroxylon zwageri in vitro. Jurnal Pemuliaan Tanaman. 31 : 33- 42 Universitas Sumatera Utara Reed, B. M. Tanprasert, P. 1995. Detection and control of bacterial contaminations of Plant Tissue Cultures.Journal of Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology. 13: 137-142 Rohman, A.F. 2011.Analisis Kualitas Udara Ruang In door secara Mikologis : Studi Kasus di Pemukiman Kumuh Kecamatan Semampir Surabaya. Surabaya : Universitas Airlangga Santoso, A. Sutigno, P. 2004. Pengaruh fumigasi ammonium hidroksida terhadap emisi formaldehida kayu lapis dan papan partikel.Penelitian hasil hutan. 122 : 9-16 Scholz, F. Bergmann, F. 1984.Selection pressure by air pollution as studied bt isozimes gene systems in Norway Spruce Exposed to Sulphur dioxide. Journal of Silva Genetica. 64:40-43 Sien, L.S., Chuan, C.H., Lihan, S Yee, L.T. 2013. Isolation and identification of airbone bacteria inside swiftlet houses in Sarawak, Malaysia. Makara Journal Science. 173: 105-108. Sinta, M. M., Riyadi, I. Sumaryono. 2014. Identifikasi dan Pencegahan Kontaminasi pada Kultur Cair Sistem Perendaman Sesaat. 822 : 64-69 Subarnas, A. 2011.Produksi Karantin melalui Kultur Jaringan. Bandung: Penerbit Lubuk Agung.hlm. 45,49,53-59,61-62 Susilowati, A. Listyawati, S. 2001. Keanekaragaman Jenis Mikroorganisme Sumber Kontaminasi Kultur in vitro di Sub-Lab Biologi Laboratorium MIPA Pusat UNS. 21 : 110-114 Waluyo, L. 2005. Mikrobiologi Lingkungan. Penerbit Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang: Malang. hlm. 67-68. Wojtania, A., Pulawska, J. Gabryszewska, E. 2005.Identification and elimination of Bacterial contaminants from Pelargonium Tissue Cultures. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research.13: 101-108 Zulkarnain, H. 2009. Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. hlm.90,92-95, 111-112 Universitas Sumatera Utara

BAB 3 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

3.1. Waktu dan Tempat