Active Voices Passive Voices

2.3.3 Voice

Based on the use of verbs, transitive verb has two voice they are active voice and passive voice. Before discussing further about the active and passive voice, it is better to know definition of voice. Martin and Wren 1986:8 state, “voice is that form of a verb which is shows whether, what is denoted by the subject does something of has something done it” . Furthermore, House and Susan 1950:94 defines, “voice is the modification of a transitive verb which indicates whether subject is acting or being acted upon”. From the two quotations above, it can concluded that voice is the form of a verb, which can express the time of an occurrence of the action. Thomson and Martinet 1975:176 stated that the active and passive tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb.

1. Active Voices

When the subject of the verb represents the actor agent, the voice is said as active voice. An active sentence is commonly structured : For example: The girls stole the purse S V O They solved the problem S V O Subject + Verb + Object Universitas Sumatera Utara

2. Passive Voices

When the subject receives or denotes the object to which the action is directed, the voice is said as passive voice. The passive voice is a structure that allows making a statement without knowing who performed the action of the sentence. Passive voice is the change of position of the sentence. It means that in the passive forming, there is transformation process or shortly the passive voice is transformed from the active voice. There are some steps in forming the passive voice, the steps are as follows: 1. put object of the active in front of the passive voice Object of the active becomes the subject of the passive 2. object of the passive becomes pronouni.e. personal pronoun as object 3. add “to be” in passive which is suitable with it tense 4. put them main verb of the active after auxiliary to be in the verb past participle form V3 5. Put the agent “by” after the verb past participle. 6. For example: - They sent James to prison for two years active - James was sent to prison by them for two years passive From the example above, in the simple rule, the sentence in the active voice can be transformed to the passive voice and object in active becomes subject in passive voice. The object of passive becomes personal pronoun as object that is them. The Universitas Sumatera Utara passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb. The agent is very often to be mentioned, it precedes by “by” and placed at the end of the sentence. So generally the pattern of passive voice is : Verbs that are common in the passive voice : Aligned with, based on, born, coupled with, deemed, effected, entitled to, flattened, inclined, obliged, positioned, situated, stained, subjected to, approved, associated with, attributed to, classified as, composed of, confined to, designed, diagnosed as, distributed, estimated, grouped with, intended, labeled, linked towith, located atin, plotted, recruited, stored, and viewed. O + to be + V3 + by + S Pronoun Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

Research method is one of the important things of scientific studies in analyzing the problems. In this thesis, some theories and opinion are applied. Research method which is used in this research is Library Research, that is by reading and studying some books also research findings concerned with the topic of the problem. According to Nawawi 1991: 30, the activity of library research is conducted by collecting the data from some literatures, either in library or in other places. We can also use the documentation materials, magazines, newspaper, and so on, which are written as Nawawi 1991:30 says, “Penelitian kepustakaan yaitu suatu penelitian yang dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur, baik di perpustakaan maupun di tempat-tempat lain. Literatur yang dipergunakan tidak terbatas hanya pada buku-buku, tetapi dapat juga berupa bahan-bahan dokumentasi, majalah-majalah, koran- koran, dll. berupa bahan tertulis. Dari literatur tersebut dapat ditemukan berbagai teori, hukum, dalil, prinsip-prinsip, pendapat, gagasan-gagasan, dll. yang dapat dipergunakan untuk menganalisa dan memecahkan masalah yang diselidiki .” Library Research is a research done by collecting data from many kinds of literature, whether in the library or any other places. Literature used is not only limited on books but also on magazines, newspaper, and other written documentation. Relevant studies are also used to support the analysis. From that literature, there are theories, priciples, opinion, ideas, etc. found within it which can be used to analyze and solve problems investigated. Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.2 Data and Data Source

Source of data that used in analyzing the verb phrase is a magazine. I choose Tempo Magazine that published in April, 21 st 2013. There are four articles chosen in doing the analysis. They are Bribery In Room 1201 page 14 – 18, Fingerprints on ID Cards page 20 – 21, Budget Master In Senayan page 22 – 23, New Threat From Obsolete Clause page 31 -34. Four articles of the magazine could represent the whole of magazine in helping me to find the kinds of verb phrase.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

Nawawi 1991:144 states that sample is a part of population to represent the whole population. The data was taken by using Purposive sampling method. According to Nawawi 1991:157 in this technique, sampling is adjusted with the purpose of the research. In other word, sample is adjusted with the certain criteria, which is decided based on the purpose of the research as Nawawi 1991:157 says, “Purposive sampling adalah teknik pengambilan sampel yang disesuaikan dengan tujuan penelitian. Ukuran sampel the tidak dipersoalkan sebagaimana di dalam accidental sampling. pembatasan sampel hanya mengambil unit sampling yang sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian .” Purposive sampling is a technique of taking the sample which is suitable to the purpose of research. The count of the sample is no problem as in acccidental sampling. The scope of the sample only take the unit of sample that is appropriate to the purpose of research. Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.4 Data Analyzing Method

In writing and analyzing the data, a descriptive quantitative method was used. According to Nawawi 1991:32, this method can be used while research uses the data like numbers with some classification such as frequency, average mark, percentage, the dominant variable, and so on. The data processing as done through mathematical calculation with a certain formula. I will use it to collect the data and analyzes them to determine the kinds of verb phrase, whether tenses, aspects or active and passive voice. The data is analyzed in two steps. First, the data was identified. Second, the kinds of verb phrase that found in each article was categorized and classified. The classification is done by grouping the data depending on kinds of verb pharase. The purpose of grouping here are to find out the kinds of verb phrase in Tempo Magazine. In writing this thesis, the common statistic formula based on educational statistic also used to count the percentages of each verb phrase in a table. The table is made for making classification of each kinds of verb phrase. By the analyzing the data and counting the result of percentage, I will make some conclusions. Universitas Sumatera Utara The formula that used to count the percentage is : � = X Y x 100 In which: N= the percentage of types of verb phrase X= the number of types of verb phrase. Y= the total number off all types of verb phrase. 100= standart percentage. Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Data Analysis

The data which will be analyzed are taken from the selected articles of Tempo Magazine in April 21 st , 2013. There are four articles chosen in doing the analysis. They are Bribery In Room 1201 page 14 – 18, Fingerprints on ID Cards page 20 – 21, Budget Master In Senayan page 22 – 23, New Threat From Obsolete Clause page 31 -34.

4.1.1 TENSE 1. Simple Present