a. Perfect aspect, present time Present Perfect
Present perfect verbs often refer to past actions with effects that continue up to present time.
Use the following rule to form the present perfect :
The present perfect is used to indicate : a. To show an action has been finished in the short time. It usually uses the adverb as
follows: - Already, just,
- recently, yet, since
For example: We have just read the book.
b. To show an action which has been done but that action is still has a connection with now.
For example: He has taught English since 2001
c. An action that happened more than once in the past.
For example: George has seen this movie three times.
Verbs that are common in the present perfect :
Hashave been Subject + havehas+ Verb IIIbeen + OC
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Ex : Rowlands has been critical of Welsh officials.
Hashave got and hashave had
Ex : - Jones has got the letter.
- I have got a problem actually.
Other verbs that are common in present perfect are some of the most common
verbs overall ex : gone, done, mad, seen, come, said, taken, become, given, shown, thought, called
.
Ex : - He`s gone home.
-
Experiments have shown that nitrogen deficiency tends to
strengthen the lower nodes.
b. Perfect aspect , past time Past Perfect
Past perfect verbs refer to actions in the past that are completed at or before a given time in the past. The actual time is often specified.
The rule to form past perfect :
Adverbs which show the time used in this time form are: - Already, before, after,
- until, as soon as. Subject + had + Verb III been +OC
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For example : 1.
He had gone with them.
2.
She had taken it herself.
Verbs that are common in the past perfect : Like the simple past tense, past perfect verb phrases are especially common in
fiction. They are used especially for reference to an earlier period in the middle of a past tense narrative :
He hadn`t even been jealous of her dead husband. Nancy had gone with them.
He had taken it himself.
The most common verbs with the past perfect are some of the most common verbs overall. These are mostly verbs that describe physical movements and other activities
gone, come, left, given, got, ect., speech acts said, told, and mental perceptions or thoughts see, heard, known.
2. Progressive aspect
Progressive aspect describes an event or state of affairs in the progress or continuing. It also describes activities or events in a progress at a particular time,
usually for a limited amount of time. The following list identify the verbs most strongly associated with progressive
aspect and the verbs that almost never occur with progressive aspect.
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• Verbs that most strongly associated with progressive aspect : Activityphysical verbs : bleed ,chase, shop, starve, dance, drip, head for,
march, pound, rain, stream, sweat Communication verbs : chat, joke, kid, moan, scream, talk
Mental attitude verbs : look forward, study • Verbs that almost never occur with progressive aspect :
Activityphysical verbs : arrest, dissolve, find, invent, rule, shut, shrug, smash, throw
Communication verbs : accuse, communicate, disclose,exclaim, reply, thank Mental attitude verbs : agree, appreciate, believe, conclude, desire,
know,want, like Perceptual states activities : detect, hear perceive, see
Facilitationcausation verbs : convince, guarantee, initiate, oblige, provoke
a. Progressive aspect, present tense Present Continuous
Present progressive is in the progress at the present time, and probably continue. The rule is :
Adverbs which show the time used in this time form are: Right now, at this momentthis time, at present
The functions are: a. To state the event or action in progress
Subject + am, is, are + V-ing+ OC
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For examples:
1. They are playing kites now. 2. My father is sleeping right now.
b. To state the event or action in mean time
For example : My father is buying a car but he will sell soon.
c. To state the event or action in the future
For example: My mother and my sister are going to Bali tonight.
b. Progressive aspect, past tense Past Continuous
Past progressive is in progress at particular time in the past. It probably continued. It is also used to denote an action going on at some time in the past. It also used, with
always , continually etc., for persistent habits in the past. He was always
The rule : grumbling
Adverbs which show the time used in this time form are: When and while For examples :
1. He was sleeping when 2. That is why I was thinking I might hang onto the Volvo.
I arrived. Subject+waswere+Verb-ing+OC
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3. The perfect progressive
Verb phrases can be marked for both aspects perfect and progressive at the same time.
a Present perfect progressive Present Perfect Continuous
For an action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present. The rule:
Adverbs which show the time used in this time form are: for and since
1. I have been waiting here for 10 years. 2. I have been studying for two hours.
b. Past perfect progressive Past Perfect Continuous
The past perfect continuous is used for an action that began for a certain point in the past and continued up to that time.
The rule :
1. I had been studying for two hours before my friends came 2. I had been waiting for you for four hours before you came
Subject+HaveHas+been+V-ing+OC
Subject+had+been+ V-ing+OC
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2.3.3 Voice
Based on the use of verbs, transitive verb has two voice they are active voice and passive voice. Before discussing further about the active and passive voice, it is
better to know definition of voice. Martin and Wren 1986:8 state, “voice is that form of a verb which is shows whether, what is denoted by the subject does
something of has something done it” . Furthermore, House and Susan 1950:94 defines, “voice is the modification of a transitive verb which indicates whether
subject is acting or being acted upon”. From the two quotations above, it can concluded that voice is the form of a verb, which can express the time of an
occurrence of the action. Thomson and Martinet 1975:176 stated that the active and passive tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active
verb and adding the past participle of the active verb.
1. Active Voices
When the subject of the verb represents the actor agent, the voice is said as active voice. An active sentence is commonly structured :
For example: The girls stole the purse
S V O They solved the problem
S V O Subject + Verb + Object
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2. Passive Voices
When the subject receives or denotes the object to which the action is directed, the voice is said as passive voice. The passive voice is a structure that allows making
a statement without knowing who performed the action of the sentence. Passive voice is the change of position of the sentence. It means that in the
passive forming, there is transformation process or shortly the passive voice is transformed from the active voice. There are some steps in forming the passive
voice, the steps are as follows: 1. put object of the active in front of the passive voice
Object of the active becomes the subject of the passive 2. object of the passive becomes pronouni.e. personal pronoun as object
3. add “to be” in passive which is suitable with it tense 4. put them main verb of the active after auxiliary to be in the verb past participle
form V3 5. Put the agent “by” after the verb past participle.
6. For example: - They sent James to prison for two years active
- James was sent to prison by them for two years passive From the example above, in the simple rule, the sentence in the active voice can be
transformed to the passive voice and object in active becomes subject in passive voice. The object of passive becomes personal pronoun as object that is them. The
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passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the
active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb. The agent is very often to be mentioned, it precedes by “by” and placed at the end of the sentence. So generally
the pattern of passive voice is :
Verbs that are common in the passive voice : Aligned with, based on, born, coupled with, deemed, effected, entitled
to, flattened, inclined, obliged, positioned, situated, stained, subjected to, approved, associated with, attributed to, classified as, composed of,
confined to, designed, diagnosed as, distributed, estimated, grouped with, intended, labeled, linked towith, located atin, plotted, recruited,
stored, and viewed.
O + to be + V3 + by + S Pronoun
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CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Method
Research method is one of the important things of scientific studies in analyzing the problems. In this thesis, some theories and opinion are applied.
Research method which is used in this research is Library Research, that is by reading and studying some books also research findings concerned with the topic of
the problem. According to Nawawi 1991: 30, the activity of library research is conducted
by collecting the data from some literatures, either in library or in other places. We can also use the documentation materials, magazines, newspaper, and so on,
which are written as Nawawi 1991:30 says, “Penelitian kepustakaan yaitu suatu penelitian yang dilakukan
dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur, baik di perpustakaan maupun di tempat-tempat lain. Literatur yang
dipergunakan tidak terbatas hanya pada buku-buku, tetapi dapat juga berupa bahan-bahan dokumentasi, majalah-majalah, koran-
koran, dll. berupa bahan tertulis. Dari literatur tersebut dapat ditemukan berbagai teori, hukum, dalil, prinsip-prinsip, pendapat,
gagasan-gagasan, dll. yang dapat dipergunakan untuk menganalisa dan memecahkan masalah yang diselidiki
.” Library Research is a research done by collecting data from many kinds of
literature, whether in the library or any other places. Literature used is not only limited on books but also on magazines, newspaper, and
other written documentation. Relevant studies are also used to support the analysis. From that literature, there are theories,
priciples, opinion, ideas, etc. found within it which can be used to analyze and solve problems investigated.
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3.2 Data and Data Source
Kategori