Disadvantages of CALL Computer Assisted Language Learning CALL

• Rules – making sure the learners take specific and same paths • Goals or Objectives – creating the duty sense • Outcomes and Feedback – measuring learners progress against the goals and teaching different values to the learners • Conflict, Competition, Challenge and Opposition - teaching the learners on how to solve the problems in a game • Interaction – including the interaction between the player and the computer, and social aspects of games that students do with others • Representation – meaning that game is about something, not only playing The factors above clearly support the opinion of Csikszentmihalyi 1990:9 about the result of a game. There are eight points as a result of having a game. They are optimization of challenge, absorbed attention, clear goals, clear and consistent feedback, freedom from worries and frustrations, self-control of the game, disappearance of the self-consciousness, and time transformation. Based on those considerations, Felicia 2011:31 considers some existing factors for the games specifically created for learning. They are a game format, educational objectives, multimodal representations e.g. tactile, auditory or visual, feedback mechanisms e.g. formative or summative, provided information for users or students, tracking tools of the learners’ knowledge and proficiency, and adaptive pedagogical mechanisms. It is clear that the chosen game for this study should include some factors in order to acquire the intended learning objectives. During playing, the learners should feel relax and free from worries and frustration. However, they also need to pay attention on the learning through the game and occurred challenges. Therefore, the computerized educational game should have clear objectives, rules, feedback and challenges which can be investigated.

2.1.4.3 Types of Computerized Educational Games

Along with the development of technology, nowadays there are so many computer games. Below are seven categories of computer games commonly played. • Exercise Games Task-Based Games These are games played to review the previous learned materials, but in an interesting environment of game with an educational purpose and thus increase in persistence Alessi Trollip, 2001:54. They are expected to motivate, engage, and stimulate healthy behaviors. For this reason, these games are more than a combination of just exercises and games Mason, 2009:76. Spanish Word BINGO is an example of exercise games. This kind of games usually can be repeated. Thus, Coshott 2009:23 points out some points when designing good exercise games. ƒ Intensity: How much exercise does the game require? ƒ Engagement: Is the game appealing to the target student? ƒ Duration: How long will it be played for in one sitting? ƒ Frequency: Will the target student play the game often? ƒ Progression: Does the game challenge a wide range of abilities This type of games can be deductive and inductive. Being deductive means that the game should move from the rules to examples. It influence on the child intellectual actions consciously. Currently deductive games, as a method of teaching, became more popular at schools Ratusinski, 2009:33. Alessi Trollip 1991: 87 refer that this type has three functions: ƒ Motivating to undertake intellectual effort. ƒ Didactic, they teach grammar and content. ƒ Educational, they teach rules of teams work. On the other hand, being inductive means that the game moves from the examples to the rule. In this method, students start from the point they want to prove, from the question which was put in the task. Answering the questions, formulate next questions, easier and easier, answers of which would lead them to the solution of the task. ƒ Strategy Games These games require higher-order thinking skills and problem solving skills for successful completion since the problems in the game should be cautiously overcome. To do so, the learners need strategies to solve them. Beside cautiously, strategy games need to be played patiently. They are usually popular among skilled players who are capable of concentrating on more than one thing at a time Can, 2003. Papas Cupcakeria is the 8th Gameria in the Papa Louie Series that was announced on June 25, 2013. It is a strategy game since to finish this game quickly and efficiently, the players need to find an appropriate strategy.