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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter divides the discussion into two main points, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. In theoretical description, there
are six theories elaborated. They are Research and Development R D cycle, Dick and Carey Systems Approach Model, School-Based Curriculum,
communicative syllabus, eclectic approach, and hearing impaired students. In the theoretical framework, the relationship among these six theories is discussed.
A. Theoretical Description
1. Research and Development R D Cycle
Research and Development R D cycle was originally proposed by Walter R. Borg and Meredith D. Gall. Adopting Borg and Gall R D cycle, the
staff of the Teacher Education Program at the Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development developed the specific R D cycle,
whose steps are used in this research to develop English speaking instructional materials, in purpose of developing their products called minicourses Borg and
Gall, 1983. Basically, R D cycle is a process used to develop and validate
educational products effective for use in schools. The products include teacher- training materials, learning materials, sets of behavioural objectives, media
materials, management systems, and testing. Due to its purpose of making
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effective educational products, R D cycle is aimed to discover new knowledge or to answer specific questions about practical problems in schools Borg and
Gall, 1983. There are ten major steps used in R D cycle as shown in Figure 2.1. If this sequence of steps is followed properly, it will result into an educational
product according to research on practical problems, which is ready to be used in the schools.
Figure 2.1. Research and Development R D Cycle
The following is the elaboration of the ten steps of R D cycle which are shown in Figure 2.1.
a. Research and information collecting In this first step, all reviews of literature, classroom observations, and
preparation of report are collected. The purpose is to determine the state of knowledge in the concerned area.
Operational product revision
Main field testing
Main product revision
7 6
5 Operational field
testing 8
Final product revision
Dissemination and
implementation 9
10 Research and
information collecting
Planning Develop primary
form of product Preliminary field
testing 1
2 3
4
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b. Planning Before developing the product, planning is truly needed. The most
important thing in planning is the statements of specific objectives to be achieved by the product. Objectives become the best basis in developing the
product in order to give suitable guidance of the design development. c. Develop preliminary form of product
This step shows how the preliminary product is developed by conducting the plans discussed previously. It includes preparation of
instructional materials, handbooks needed, and evaluation devices. d. Preliminary field testing
After the preliminary product has finished, it is tested to obtain qualified evaluation of the product. The techniques used in this step can be
interview, observation, or questionnaire. e. Main product revision
The data of the techniques used to test the product are then collected and analyzed. They result feedback of the research participants. The feedback
is then used to revise the product. f. Main field testing
The revised product is tested again to determine the success of the product in meeting its objectives. Besides, the test will result other information
which can be used to improve the next revision.
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g. Operational product revision When the findings of main field testing find any weaknesses in the
product, the first revision of the product is considered failed in meeting its objectives. The next step is to revise the revised product again.
h. Operational field testing Testing and revision will continue until the product meets its
objectives. Therefore, the second revision of the product is then tested to determine whether the product is already complete. Similar to the first testing,
the data gained are also analyzed. Usually, new information which is obtained from this step is not as much as the previous one.
i. Final product revision When the data has been analyzed and the product is considered
complete, the final product is then carried out. The final result of the revision can be used in teaching learning process.
j. Dissemination and implementation If the final version of the product is intended to be used in teaching
learning process, dissemination and implementation are needed. The dissemination and implementation can be conducted in various ways. Those
ways can be in the form of report on the product at professional meetings and journals, cooperation with publisher, and monitor distribution to provide
quality control of the product.
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2. Dick and Carey Systems Approach Model
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