meaning of a discourse. Coherence is the relationship among several meaning in an utterance.
d. Strategic Competence
These components consist of both verbal and non verbal communications strategic used by a speaker to make up for the weakness in
communication due to the limitations of circumstances, strengthen the effectiveness of communication. For example, the paraphrasing strategy is
used when a speaker forgets a certain grammatical structure.
10
Communicative competence consist of two main components, those are grammatical and non grammatical. The grammatical component is the primary
stage in the mastery of language. Non grammatical component includes sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategies. Those components are present in
various styles of utterance, written, oral, and other specific styles, such as letters, scientific speech, law, etc. then, communicative competence is
included in the four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Based on the statement above, the writer concluded that it is
important to understand and to know communicative competence which included four domains of knowledge and skills such as grammatical
competence, sociolinguistic competence, strategic competence, and discourse competence in language learning. The fourth characteristic of CLT often made
it difficult for no-native speaker who is not very proficient in the second language to teach effectively. Dialogues, drills, rehearsed exercises, and
discussions in the first language of grammatical rules are simpler for some non-native speaker to content with.
10
Michael Canale, from Communicative Competence Language Pedagogy, in Richards J.C and R.W. Schmidt, Language and Communication London: Longman Group Limited, 1983 p.
34
2. The Characteristics and The Principles of Communicative
Approach
The students use the language a great deal through communicative activities such as games, role plays, and problem solving tasks.
According to Morrow activities that are truly communicative have three characteristics that are: information gap, choice, and feedback.
a. Information gap, in this course of doing the activity, one participant should
be in a position to tell one or more other people something that the others do not yet know.
b. Choice, the speaker must have some role in deciding exactly what he says
and how he will say it. This also means that there should be some uncertainty in the mind of the listener about the speaker will say next.
c. Feedback, what the speaker say to the person he is communicating with
depend not only on what the other person say, but also what the speaker wants to accomplish via the conversation.
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Finocchiaro and Brumfit said some characteristic of communicative approach. They are:
a. Meaning is paramount
b. Dialogues, if used, enter around communicative functions and are not
normally memorized c.
Contextualization is a basic premise d.
Language learning is learning to communicate e.
Effective communication is sought f.
Attempt to communicate may be encouraged from the very beginning g.
Drilling may be occur, but peripherally h.
Translation may be used where students need or benefit from it
11
Keith Morrow and Keith Johnson in Diane Larsen freeman, Techniques and Principles in Language teaching Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 132
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