The Characteristics and The Principles of Communicative

i. Reading and writing can start from first day, if desired j. The target linguistic system will be learned best through the process of struggling to communicate k. Communicative competence is desired goal i.e. the ability to use the linguistic system effectively and appropriately l. Linguistic variation is a central concept in materials and methodology m. Teacher help learners in any way that motivates them to work with the language n. Students are expected to interact with people, either in the flesh, through pair and group work, or in their wrings o. Intrinsic motivation will spring from an interest in what is being communicated by the language. 12 Here are the main core principles which make it most successful language learning approach in used today. Keith Johnson said that there are five principles in “communicative” type, they are: a. The information transfer principle is it focuses attention on the ability to understand and convey information content. One way to practice this abilities is “communicative” to the extent that the students is being asked, not to comment, but to extract certain pieces of information and to transfer them onto the application forms. b. The information gap principle, which makes this conveying of information possible, there is certainly information transfer, but transferring and conveying are not quite the same thing. One reason this principle is important are: firstly, it permits genuine information flow in the class; the students tell each other things they do not already know. Secondly, created whereby the assessment of written or spoken work focus attention on whether it succeed in “getting the message across” c. The jigsaw principle is a version of involving an information gap. 12 Mary Finocchiaro and Christopher J. Brumfit, The Functional National Approach: from Theory to practice London: Oxford university Press, 1983, p.91 d. The task dependency principle can help to minimize this difference; the student‟s knowledge that someone in the class will read his letter and utilize its important content. e. The correction for content principle, argues that at some stage the student‟s language production should be judged on its communicative efficacy in relation to a specific task. But the principle does not negate the utility of teacher correction for grammatical accuracy at some other stage. 13 From the statement above, the writer concluded that there are many characteristics and principles that have to know to the teacher while the teacher explained the material by applaying communicative approach.

1. Basic Principles for Teachers

a. Teachers‟ main role is a facilitator and monitor rather than leading the class. b. Lessons are usually topic or theme based with the target grammar “hidden” in the context c. Lessons are built round situationsfunctions practical and authentic in the real world e.g. asking for information, complaining, and apologizing d. Activities set by the teacher have relevance and purpose to real life situations-students can see the direct benefit of learning e. Dialogues are used that centre on communicative functions, such as socializing, giving directions. f. Emphasis on engaging learners I more useful and authentic language rather than repetitive phrases or grammar patterns g. Emphasis on communication and meaning rather than accuracy. Being understood takes precedence over correct grammar. The fine tuning of grammar comes later. 13 Keith Johnson, Communicative syllabus Design and methodology, Oxford: Pergamon Institute of English, 1982, p. 163. h. Emphasis is put on the “appropriacy” of language. What is the most appropriate language and tone for a particular situation? i. Communicative competence is the desired goal e.g. being be able to survive, converse, and be understood in the language j. Emphasis is put on correct pronunciation and choral group and individual drilling is used k. Authentic listening and reading texts are used more often rather than artificial text simply produced to feature the target language l. Feedback and correction is usually given by the teacher after tasks have been completed rather than at the point of error, thus interrupting the flow. From the statement above, the writer concluded that the teachers‟ role is not central and the teacher has to facilitate the communication process between the students in the classroom. And there are many principles that must be know to the teacher while the teacher explained the material by applaying communicative approach.

2. Basic Principles for Learners

a. Learners are often more motivated with this approach as they have an interesting what is being communicated, as the lesson is topic or theme based b. Learners are encouraged to speak and communicate from one day rather than just barking out repetitive phrases c. Learners practice the target language a number of times, slowly building on accuracy d. Language is created by the individual often through trial and error e. Learners interact with each other in pairs or groups to encourage a flow of language and maximize the percentage of talking time rather than just teacher to students