| Outlook for air pollution | Energy action for cleaner air

Chapter 2 | Outlook for air pollution 93 2 sector mostly in road transport and almost one-fifth in the buildings sector. Investment in post-combustion control technologies in the power sector in the Clean Air Scenario increases only marginally, due to lower electricity demand from energy efficiency and higher use of renewables, cutting the investment needs for coal-fired power plants. Around two-thirds of the additional investment in the Clean Air Scenario is required in developing countries, in particular in China 21, Africa 16, India 10 and Southeast Asia 10. Among the industrialised countries, the United States 15 and the European Union 13 require most of the investment. Each country has different investment needs: the investment focus in most industrialised countries in the Clean Air Scenario is on additional measures to avoid air pollution through energy sector transformation. In such countries, such measures absorb at least 70 of the additional investment in the Clean Air Scenario relative to the New Policies Scenario. By contrast, the investment focus in developing countries is on increasing measures to reduce emissions through post- combustion control and reducing process-emissions, which absorb around 55 of the additional investment in the Clean Air Scenario relative to the New Policies Scenario. Developing Asia, for example, requires around two-thirds of the global investment in post- combustion control technologies for stationary sources in the power and industry sectors in the Clean Air Scenario. In some cases, strategic additional investment in measures to avoid emissions through energy sector transformation reduces the investment need in pollution control in the Clean Air Scenario relative to the New Policies Scenario. © OECDIEA, 2016 © OECDIEA, 2016 Chapter 3 | Energy action for cleaner air 95

Chapter 3

Energy action for cleaner air Take a breath, and now take action Hi g h l i g h t s  The Clean Air Scenario shows how the application of proven policies and technologies can bring about a sustained reduction in pollutant emissions. To achieve the targeted objectives in practice, the energy sector needs to take strong action, co-ordinated effectively with others, to deliver a comprehensive overall package of air quality measures. This report identifies three key areas for action:

1. Setting an ambitious long-term air quality goal, defined with reference to