Overview of Bonggi phonetics and phonology

electronically in Greenhill, et al. 2008, which is a slight variant of the Swadesh 200-word basic vocabulary list in Blust 1998. Sometime between October 1978 and November 1979, members of SIL Malaysia collected a wordlist from Lok Agung and Limbuak Darat on Banggi Island Smith 1984:8. They used a 367-item wordlist which was based on the 372-item wordlist in Reid 1971. For a variety of reasons, the 367-item wordlist was later reduced to a 327-item wordlist for lexicostatical comparison Smith 1984:45. The wordlists collected by SIL Malaysia members in 1978–1979 were given to the Sabah State Archives, but they have not yet been published. In September–October 1982, Michael and Alanna Boutin used SIL Malaysia’s 327-item wordlist to collect data from six different languages spoken on Banggi and Balambangan islands. Their data included wordlists from four Bonggi villages: Pengkalan Darat, Pasir Hitam, and Tambising on Banggi Island and Selamat Darat on Balambangan Island Boutin and Boutin 1985:89. These wordlists were not published. In 1989 and 1990, Michael Boutin visited all of the Bonggi villages on Banggi and Balambangan islands in order to revise the wordlists collected in 1978–1979 and 1982, and to determine the extent of language variation among the villages. He collected a 337-item wordlist from the following villages with Bonggi village names in parentheses: Limbuak Darat Pogah Diaa, Mamang Milimbiaa, Palak Darat Giparak, Tambising Tugutah, Sabur Sabur, Sibumbong Darat Simbukng, Lok Agung Indupapa, Pasir Hitam Pasig Modobm, Kapitangan Pitangan, Kalang Kaman Kalanggaman, and Kuda-kuda Kudah-Kudah. Four of these wordlists are included in §3. Blust 2010:62 states that Jason Lobel collected a 1,000 word vocabulary of Bonggi. His wordlist is scheduled to be published as part of a North Borneo sourcebook Lobel, to appear. Lastly, a working dictionary of over 8,000 Bonggi lexemes is available online Boutin 2014. 3 2 Description of the data

2.1 Overview of Bonggi phonetics and phonology

The phonemes of Bonggi are shown in table 1 and table 2. 4 Table 1. Bonggi consonant phonemes Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Stops vl. p t k ʔ vd. b d ɡ Fricative s Affricate d͡ʒ Nasals m n ɲ ŋ Laterals l Flap ɾ 5 Semivowel j w 3 Michael and Alanna Boutin lived on Banggi Island in Limbuak Darat from January 1983 to April 1986 and in Palak Darat from November 1987 to April 1992. Michael has made numerous trips to Banggi Island since 1992 with the most recent being October–November 2013. 4 Descriptions of Bonggi phonology can be found in Boutin 1993, 2000, 2002, 2010. This paper only discusses phonetic, phonological, and morphological features found in the wordlists in §3. 5 This phoneme is represented by r throughout the rest of the paper. Table 2. Bonggi vowel phonemes Front Central Back High i u Mid e o Low a Stress is predictable; it falls on the penultimate syllable of multisyllabic words as in 1 unless the final syllable is heavy as in 2 and 3 in which case stress is on the final syllable. 1 berosi [b ə.ˈɾo.sʲi] ‘canoe paddle’ keŋkalaɡ [kəŋ.ˈka.ləɡ̚] ‘shadow’ 2 tetoi [t ə.ˈtoi] ‘excrement’ kiou [kʲi.ˈou] ‘wood’ Heavy syllables contain either a diphthong as in 2 or a long vowel as in 3. Heavy syllables draw stress and can only occur once in a word—always in the final syllable of a word. Diphthongs and phonetically long vowels are interpreted as two underlying vowels VV which form the nucleus of a heavy syllable. Four vowels, i u a o, can be phonetically long [ii uu aa ɔɔ], and five phonetic diphthongs occur, [ei oi ou ai au]. 3 ɡibiin [ɡʲɪ.ßiiᵈn] ‘afternoon’ bituun [b ɪ.ˈtuuᵈn] ‘star’ biaa [bi.ˈaa] ‘crocodile’ tempoorn [t əm.ˈp w ɔɔɾᵈn] ‘shore’ All consonants can occur in syllable codas except d͡ʒ and ɲ. All consonants can occur in syllable onsets except ʔ which only occurs word-finally as in 4. 4 tana ʔ [ˈta.nə̃ʔ] ‘earth ground’ bua ʔ [ˈbʷu.əʔ] ‘fruit’ The stops p b k have fricative allophones [ ɸ β h] which Schneeberger 1937 recorded as f, w, and h. The allophone [ ɸ] occurs word-initially and intervocalically as in 5; [β] occurs intervocallically within roots as in 6; and [h] occurs intervocallically in unstressed syllables within roots as in 7. 5 pii ʔ [ˈɸiiʔ] ‘hand and arm’ api [ˈa.ɸi] ‘fire’ 6 robi [ ˈɾo.βi] ‘night’ babi [ˈba.βi] ‘pig’ 7 tukal [ ˈtu.hal] ‘skinny’ pakat [ˈɸa.hət̚] ‘root’ Alveolar consonants t d s n l r, the palatal consonant d͡ʒ, and velar consonants k ɡ ŋ are palatalized [ tʲ dʲ sʲ nʲ lʲ ɾʲ d͡ʒʲ kʲ hʲ ɡʲ ŋʲ] before front vowels as in 8. 8 tuni [ˈtu.nʲĩ] ‘body’ laŋit [ˈla.ŋʲɪ̃t̚] ‘sky’ lein [ˈlʲeiᵈn] ‘not nouns’ kiri [ˈkʲɪ.ɾʲi] ‘eyebrow’ Labial consonants p b m and velar consonants k ɡ ŋ are labialized [pʷ ɸʷ bʷ βʷ mʷ kʷ hʷ ɡʷ ŋʷ] before back vowels u o as in 9. 9 abu [ˈa.βʷu] ‘ashes’ kutu [ˈkʷu.tu] ‘lice’ Stops p t k b d ɡ are unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚ b̚ d̚ ɡ̚] word-finally as in 10. 10 kirap [ˈkʲɪ.ɾəp̚] ‘eyelashes’ tojuk [ˈto.jʊk̚] ‘small’ lempad [ ˈləm.pəd̚] ‘to fly’ kuub [ˈkʷuub̚] ‘chest body’ Vowels are nasalized following nasal consonants as in 11. 11 tana ʔ [ˈta.nə̃ʔ] ‘earth ground’ ani [ˈa.nʲĩ] ‘termite’ Nasality spreads from a syllable-initial nasal consonant to following non-nasal segments in the same word until it is blocked by a non-nasal consonant as seen in 12. 12 mata [ ˈmã.tə] ‘eye’ tonok [ˈtɔ.nɔ̃k̚] ‘mosquito’ All consonants except semivowels block nasal spread as seen in 13. 13 minjait [m ɪ̃n.ˈ�̃ãĩt̚] ‘lightning’ Word-final nasals are simple if the preceding vowel is nasalized as in 14, but preploded if the preceding vowel is non-nasalized as in 15. 14 paŋan [ˈɸa.ŋə̃n] ‘companion’ keŋɡamaŋ [kəŋ.ˈɡa.mə̃ŋ] ‘spider’ 15 ba ɾam [ˈba.ɾəᵇm] ‘many’ sindoin [sʲɪn.ˈdoiᵈn] ‘fingernail’ tembaŋ [ˈtɛm.bəᵏŋ] ‘deer’ The phoneme o can only occur in the penultimate syllable if the final syllable also contains o as in 16 or a high vowel i.e. i or u as in 17. 16 onom [ˈɔ.nɔ̃m] ‘six’ dolok [ˈdɔ.lɔk̚] ‘rain’ 17 bokit [ˈbʷo.hɪt̚] ‘bird’ tolu [ˈto.lu] ‘three’ The surface vowels [o] and [ɔ] are in complementary distribution. The phoneme o is realized as [o] in the penultimate syllable if the final syllable contains a high vowel, i or u, as in 17. If o is immediately followed by a high vowel as in 19, the two vowels form a diphthong which is the nucleus of a heavy syllable. 18 bokit [ ˈbʷo.hɪt̚] ‘bird’ obuk [ˈo.βʷʊk̚] ‘hair’ 19 oid [ ˈoid̚] ‘boat’ loud [ ˈloud̚] ‘sea’ The allophone [ ɔ] occurs only if the last two vowels in the word are [ɔ]. The phoneme o is realized as [ ɔ] in the penultimate syllable if the final syllable also contains an o which is realized as [ ɔ] as in 20. If o is immediately followed by another o as in 21, the two vowels form a phonetically long vowel [ ɔɔ] which is the nucleus of a heavy syllable. 20 dolok [ˈdɔ.lɔk̚] ‘rain’ dodos [ˈdɔ.dɔs] ‘wind’ 21 tempoorn [t əm.ˈp w ɔɔɾᵈn] ‘shore’ koo [ˈkʷɔɔ] ‘wing’

2.2 Morphology and morphophonemics