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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the Theoretical Description. It includes the discussion on the theories of English for Specific
Purposes, Communicative Language Teaching, the Theories of Teaching Speaking and Instructional Design Models. The second part is the Theoretical
Framework. It discusses the stages in designing the set of English speaking materials.
A. The Theoretical Description 1. English for Specific Purposes
The designed materials in this study will be based on the theory of English for Specific Purposes ESP because the designed materials are
constructed according to the needs of the learners, the shopkeepers and the shop assistants of Kaban Group Shop, as buyer, wholesaler and retailer of
leather goods. Theory in ESP will support the design materials.
a. The definition of ESP
Strevens as quoted by Robinson states that “a definition of ESP that is both simple and watertight is not easy to produce” Robinson,
1991: 1. Meanwhile, Robinson defines ESP as “protean, as it is responsive to developments in all three realms of language, pedagogy
and content studies” 1991: 1. On the other hand, Hutchinson and Waters prefer to show “what ESP is not” 1987: 18-19.
1 ESP is not a matter of teaching ‘specialized varieties’ of English.
2 ESP is not just a matter of Science words and grammar for Scientists,
Hotel words and grammar for Hotel staff and so on. 3
ESP is not different from any other form of language teaching, in that it should be based in the first instance on principles of effective and
efficient learning. Hutchinson and Waters, 1987: 18-19
They state that ESP has to be seen as an “approach” to language leaning based on learners’ needs rather than as a “product”. It
is “an approach to language teaching ….. based on the learner’s reason for learning” 1987: 19.
b. The Categorization of ESP
Hutchinson and Waters categorize ESP based on learners’ need and on “learners’ specialism” 1987: 16.
1. ESP Based on Learners’ Needs There are two types of ESP, which are English for
Academic Purposes EAP and English for Occupational Purposes EOP. In this study, the personnel of Kaban Group Shops are
learners who need English to support their job. Thus, they are categorized as people who learn English for occupational purposes.
Figure 1: The Classification of ESP Based on the Learners’ Specific Needs Hutchinson and Water, 1987: 17
ESP
EAP EOP
English for the Owners and the Employees of Kaban Group Shop
Kategori