boys. The other example is the word haunter; haunt is a free morpheme because it can be used as a word on its own and affix –er is a bound morpheme because it
combined with the verb haunt.
2. Theory of Root and Stem
In morpheme, there are two types of morpheme, namely: free and bound morpheme. They have an important part called root and stem. Andrew Spencer
explained about root and stem as follows: The word disagreements we can dissect a basic morpheme agree and three
bound morphemes, dis-, -ment, and –s. we call agree the root and the other bound morphemes affixes. The morphemes –ment and –s, which come to the
right of the root, are suffixes, while dis- which comes to the left is a prefix. In the word disagreements we call the form disagreement the stem. Spencer,
2003:5
It means root is a morpheme which is not attached by affixes but stem is a morpheme which is attached by affixes or we can say bound morpheme. For
example, the word disagreements, the root is a verb agree. The morphemes –ment and –s which attach to the right of the root are suffixes, while dis- is a prefix
because it comes to the left of the root. So, the form of the word is disagreements.
3. Theory of Allomorph
O’Grady states “allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. For example is in plural morpheme-s like cats, dogs, and judges. The pronunciation of those two
words, where in the first morpheme changes even though its spelling remains the same” 2005: 114.
From the theory above the plural morpheme –s is the allomorph of the words cats, dogs, and judges. They should be s in cats, z in dogs, and ə z in judges. They
are three variant morphemes which are phonologically predicted in their distribution relative to one another. The other example is English past tense
morpheme –ed. It has three allomorphs t, d, and id which are phonologically predicted based on the final sound which is attached on the stem. Some
allomorphy seems to be conditioned neither by phonologically nor by the word which a morpheme is attached, but by the presence of other morphemes. Many
examples of allomorphy are provided by the ending –ion in English which form a noun from certain verb. It has several allomorphs, the most common is –ion. For
example, in the words which ends in the morpheme –ceive such as receive and deceive
, we can find the allomorph –ion in the words reception and deception after getting suffixation. So, these words seem to have nothing in common except
that they end in the –ceive -cept morphemes.
4. Theory of Morphophonemic Process
Morphophonemic process is the combination of morphology and phonology. Spencer also explained about that process. He said that:
This connects morphological theory with phonological theory what is known in structuralism as ‘phonemics’, and for certain schools of structuralism the
result was an intermediate morphophonemic level. I mentioned that morphemes may appear in different phonological shapes because of the
effects of general phonological process. Spencer, 2003:53
From this theory, morphophonemic process is the combination of morphological theory and phonological theory. The morpheme may appear in different
phonological shapes because there is effect of the general phonological process. According to Wardhaugh, there are seven types of process in morphophonemic
process. Those are assimilation, vowel change and consonant change, deletion, dissimilation, metathesis, schwa epenthesis, and stress shift.
The first type is assimilation. It assimilates one segment to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, making the two phones more similar. For
example, the voiced z of the English regular plural suffix is changed to [s] after a voiceless sound, and that similarly the voiced d of the English regular past-tense
is changed to [t] after a voiceless sound. Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, 2000: 276 The second type is consonant and vowel change. They are a change of a
consonant or a vowel after a word is added by an affix Wardhaugh, 1977: 198- 200. For example: the word resident ’rez
ɪ
də nt becomes residential rez
ɪ
’də n∫ l
after it is added by suffix –ial. t in resident change into ∫ in residential. The
word palate’pælə t become palatial pə ’leɪ∫ l is the example of the vowel change.
The vowel change occurs after suffixation. At the first word the vowel is æ but after suffixation the vowel become ə .
The third type is deletion. In O’Grady’s theory 1989: 79 deletion is a rule that a schwa ə deleted when the next vowel in the word is stressed, as in police plis
and parade pre
ɪd
. The notation rules of the words police and parade as follows: ə Ø_____ [+liquid]
The fourth type is dissimilation. It is a rule in which a segment becomes less similar to another segment. For example, the word fifth can be pronounced into
fift because the fricative θ becomes dissimilar to the preceding fricative by becoming a stop. Fromkin, 2000: 282
The fifth type is metathesis. It is a rule to move the phonemes from one place to another. For example, the word ask is pronounced [aks], but the word asking is
pronounced into [askiŋ]. Fromkin, 2000:285 The sixth type is schwa epenthesis. It is the insertion of the schwa ə in
pronunciation after the word is added by affixation. For example, the word compete
kə m’pit becomes competition ,kαmpə ’tɪ∫ n after it is added by –ition
Wardhaugh, 1977: 241 The last type is stress shift. It is the intensity with which a sound is pronounced
relative to that of other sounds Wardhaugh, 1977: 46. For example: the word finance ’fa
ɪ
næns becomes financial fa
ɪ
’næn∫ l we can see before the suffixation
the strong stress at the front of the word but after it is added by suffix -ial the strong stress move to the second syllable.
5. Theory of Notation Rules
