Nominalization and morphophonemic process in the English words attached by suffix –ion.

xii ABSTRACT

RISTIANI, OCTANIA. Nominalization and Morphophonemic Process in the English Words Attached by Suffix -ion. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

In a morphological study, there are so many ways to analyze the meaning and the form of the words. One of them is affixation. Affixes are divided into prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. The most common suffix in English is suffix –ion. The writer chooses suffix –ionas the main point of the study because there are so many words using suffix–ionin dictionary. Besides, the writer explained about a process which a word can be formed into another word.

In this study, the writer formulated two questions to discuss the form of suffix –ion. The first one deals with the verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –ion and the process of nominalization. The second one is the morphophonemic process that may occur in nominalization process.

The writer combined morphology and phonology to analyze the form of suffix –ion. This study used a descriptive analysis. First, the writer collected the data from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Second, the writer classified the data into different group based on the verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –ion. Third, the writer analyzed the verb forms using nominalization process. Fourth, the writer analyzed the data that occur in nominalization process using the morphophonemic process. Last, the writer also applied the notation rules in those processes.

The result of the study can be formulated as follows. Firstly, there are four types of the verb forms which can be attached by suffix –ion, namely (1) verbs with –ate, (2) verbs with–ize or-ise, (3) verbs with alveolar t ,s,z, andliquid l, and (4) verbs with fricative v and nasal m and n. All of them have the different processes of suffixation. Based on the analysis of the fourth types of verb forms, the results are allomorph–ionand allomorph-ation. Secondly, the nominalization process which is used to analyze the data divided into insertion, replacement, and simple affixation. Thirdly, the morphophonemic processes which occur in the nominalization process, namely consonant change and vowel change, schwa epenthesis, and stress shift.

xiii ABSTRAK

RISTIANI, OCTANIA. Nominalization and Morphophonemic Process in the English Words Attached by Suffix -ion. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Dalam sebuah studi Morfologi, ada banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk menganalisis arti dan bentuk kata. Salah satunya dengan cara afiksasi. Afik dibagi menjadi prefik, sufik atau akhiran, dan infik. Dalam bahasa Inggris akhiran yang sangat sering muncul adalah akhiran –ion. Penulis memilih akhiran –ion sebagai masalah utama pembelajaran ini karena ada banyak kata yang menggunakan akhiran –ion dalam kamus. Selain itu, penulis menjelaskan tentang sebuah proses yang mana sebuah kata dapat berubah bentuk menjadi kata yang lainnya.

Dalam pembelajaran ini, penulis memformulasikan dua pertanyaan untuk mendiskusikan bentuk akhiran –ion. Yang pertama adalah pembahasan tentang bentuk kata kerja yang bisa dinominalisasi oleh akhiran –iondan prosesnya. Yang kedua adalah proses morfofonemik yang mungkin muncul pada proses nominalisasi.

Penulis mengkombinasikan morfologi dan fonologi untuk menganalisis bentuk akhiran –ion. Pembelajaran ini menggunakan sebuah analisis deskriptif. Pertama, penulis mengumpulkan data dariOxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Kedua, penulis mengklasifikasikan data ke dalam kelompok yang berbeda berdasarkan bentuk kata kerja yang dapat dinominalisasi oleh akhiran–ion. Ketiga, penulis menganalisis data menggunakan proses nominalisasi. Keempat, penulis menganalisis data yang muncul pada proses nominalisasi menggunakan proses morfofonemik. Terakhir, penulis juga mengaplikasikan aturan notasi pada proses tersebut.

Hasil dari pembelajaran ini dapat diformulasikan sebagai berikut. Yang pertama, ada empat jenis bentuk kata kerja yang dapat diimbuhi oleh akhiran–ion, contohnya (1) kata kerja dengan akhiran –ate, (2) kata kerja dengan akhiran–ize atau–ise, (3) kata kerja dengan akhiran alveolart , s, z, dan liquidl, dan (4) kata kerja dengan akhiran fricative v dan nasal m dan n. Semua memiliki proses sufiksasi yang berbeda. Berdasarkan analisis dari keempat bentuk kata kerja diatas, hasilnya adalah alomorf–iondan alomorf-ation. Yang kedua, proses nominalisasi yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dibagi menjadi penyisipan, penggantian, dan afiksasi simpel. Yang ketiga, proses morfofonemik yang muncul pada proses nominalisasi adalah perubahan huruf mati dan perubahan huruf vokal, schwa epenthesis, dan pergeseran tekanan.

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESS

IN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX

_–

ION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

OCTANIA RISTIANI

Student Number: 104214051

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015

i

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESS

IN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX

_–

ION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

OCTANIA RISTIANI

Student Number: 104214051

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015

ii

ASarjana SastraUndergraduate Thesis

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESS

IN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX -ION

By

Octania Ristiani

Student Number: 104214051

Approved by

Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. April 7, 2015 Advisor

Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. April 7, 2015 Co-Advisor

iii

ASarjana SastraUndergraduate Thesis

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESS

IN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX -ION

By

Octania Ristiani

Student Number: 104214051

Defended before the Board of Examiners On April 29, 2015

and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name

Signature

Chairperson : Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. _______________ Secretary : Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D. _______________ Member 1 : Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. _______________ Member 2 : Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. _______________ Member 3 : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. _______________

Yogyakarta, April 30, 2015 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University

Dean

iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, April 30, 2015

v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Octania Ristiani

Nomor Mahasiswa : 104214051

Demi pembangunan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

NOMINALIZATION AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESS IN THE ENGLISH WORDS ATTACHED BY SUFFIX -ION

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal, 7 April 2015

Yang menyatakan,

vi

There is nothing either good or bad

but thinking makes it so

Shakespeare-vii

This Thesis is Dedicated to

My beloved grandparents,

My beloved parents,

My dearest brother,

And all of my friends

viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to praise Allah SWT for the blessing and the help upon me so I can finish the writing of this thesis. I want to give my deepest gratitude to Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. as my thesis advisor who always gives her patience, her time, guidance, corrections, and suggestions. I also would like to thankAnna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum.as my Co-Advisor, her time and suggestions are very important to me. I thank my Examiner Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for giving me some corrections and suggestions in my thesis defense. I thank to all lecturers who guide me during my study and also Mbak Ninik for giving me some information about all of the academic activities.

I also do not forget to give my biggest thanks to my beloved parents, Aris Mawardi and Sri Saparni, who always pray, love, and support me started from the very beginning I decided to be a student of English Letters Department, Sanata Dharma University until now. I also thank my dearest brother, Andhika Desta Ramadhan, who always pray, love, and support through my study and my thesis.

I would like to say thank you to my best friends Widia,Yanis, Joe, and Tia who always gives me their good suggestions and always support me so I can motivate myself to finish my undergraduate thesis. I thank Dita who helped me during the process of collecting my data by lending me her dictionary. The last but not least, I also thanks to my entire classmate in class B, English Letters Department 2010, who did not forget to support and to share each other during the process of the writing of our undergraduate thesis.

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH.. iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY...v

MOTTO PAGE... vi

DEDICATION PAGE... vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... xi

ABSTRACT... xii

ABSTRAK... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION...1

A. Background of the Study...1

B. Problem Formulation ...3

C. Objectives of the study...3

D. Definition of Terms...4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE...5

A. Review of Related Studies ...5

B. Review of Related Theories ...7

1. Theory of Morpheme ...7

2. Theory of Root and Stem ...8

3. Theory of Allomorph ...8

4. Theory of Morphophonemic Process ...9

5. Theory of Notation Rules...11

6. Review of Suffix–ion ...12

C. Theoretical Framework ...12

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY...14

A. Object of the Study...14

B. Approach of the Study ...14

C. Method of the Study...15

1. Data Collection...15

2. Data Analysis ...17

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS...18

A. Types of Verb Forms Attached by Suffix–ion...18

1. A Verb with–ate...19

2. A Verb with–izeor–ise...20

3. A Verb withalveolar t,s, andz,liquid l...22

4. A Verb withfricative vandnasal mandn...23

x

1. Insertion...24

2. Replacement...28

3. Simple Affixation...29

C. The Morphophonemic Processes of Suffix–ion...31

1. Consonant Change and Vowel Change...31

a. Consonant Change ...31

b. Vowel Change...33

1. Vowel to Vowel ...33

2. Vowel to Diphthong...34

3. Diphthong to Vowel...35

2. Schwa Epenthesis...36

3. Stress Shift ...37

a. From Ante-Penultimate to Penultimate...37

b. From Ultimate to Penultimate...39

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION...41

BIBLIOGRAPHY...44

APPENDIX ...46

Appendix 1 ...46

Appendix 2 ...46

Appendix 3 ...47

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

E. : English

F. : French

G. : German

L. : Latin

LateL : Late Latin MedL : Middle Latin (O)F. : Old French (O)L. : Old Latin

xii ABSTRACT

RISTIANI, OCTANIA. Nominalization and Morphophonemic Process in the English Words Attached by Suffix -ion. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

In a morphological study, there are so many ways to analyze the meaning and the form of the words. One of them is affixation. Affixes are divided into prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. The most common suffix in English is suffix –ion. The writer chooses suffix –ionas the main point of the study because there are so many words using suffix–ionin dictionary. Besides, the writer explained about a process which a word can be formed into another word.

In this study, the writer formulated two questions to discuss the form of suffix –ion. The first one deals with the verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –ion and the process of nominalization. The second one is the morphophonemic process that may occur in nominalization process.

The writer combined morphology and phonology to analyze the form of suffix –ion. This study used a descriptive analysis. First, the writer collected the data from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Second, the writer classified the data into different group based on the verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –ion. Third, the writer analyzed the verb forms using nominalization process. Fourth, the writer analyzed the data that occur in nominalization process using the morphophonemic process. Last, the writer also applied the notation rules in those processes.

The result of the study can be formulated as follows. Firstly, there are four types of the verb forms which can be attached by suffix –ion, namely (1) verbs with –ate, (2) verbs with–ize or-ise, (3) verbs with alveolar t ,s,z, andliquid l, and (4) verbs with fricative v and nasal m and n. All of them have the different processes of suffixation. Based on the analysis of the fourth types of verb forms, the results are allomorph–ionand allomorph-ation. Secondly, the nominalization process which is used to analyze the data divided into insertion, replacement, and simple affixation. Thirdly, the morphophonemic processes which occur in the nominalization process, namely consonant change and vowel change, schwa epenthesis, and stress shift.

xiii ABSTRAK

RISTIANI, OCTANIA. Nominalization and Morphophonemic Process in the English Words Attached by Suffix -ion. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Dalam sebuah studi Morfologi, ada banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk menganalisis arti dan bentuk kata. Salah satunya dengan cara afiksasi. Afik dibagi menjadi prefik, sufik atau akhiran, dan infik. Dalam bahasa Inggris akhiran yang sangat sering muncul adalah akhiran –ion. Penulis memilih akhiran –ion sebagai masalah utama pembelajaran ini karena ada banyak kata yang menggunakan akhiran –ion dalam kamus. Selain itu, penulis menjelaskan tentang sebuah proses yang mana sebuah kata dapat berubah bentuk menjadi kata yang lainnya.

Dalam pembelajaran ini, penulis memformulasikan dua pertanyaan untuk mendiskusikan bentuk akhiran –ion. Yang pertama adalah pembahasan tentang bentuk kata kerja yang bisa dinominalisasi oleh akhiran –iondan prosesnya. Yang kedua adalah proses morfofonemik yang mungkin muncul pada proses nominalisasi.

Penulis mengkombinasikan morfologi dan fonologi untuk menganalisis bentuk akhiran –ion. Pembelajaran ini menggunakan sebuah analisis deskriptif. Pertama, penulis mengumpulkan data dari Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Kedua, penulis mengklasifikasikan data ke dalam kelompok yang berbeda berdasarkan bentuk kata kerja yang dapat dinominalisasi oleh akhiran–ion. Ketiga, penulis menganalisis data menggunakan proses nominalisasi. Keempat, penulis menganalisis data yang muncul pada proses nominalisasi menggunakan proses morfofonemik. Terakhir, penulis juga mengaplikasikan aturan notasi pada proses tersebut.

Hasil dari pembelajaran ini dapat diformulasikan sebagai berikut. Yang pertama, ada empat jenis bentuk kata kerja yang dapat diimbuhi oleh akhiran–ion, contohnya (1) kata kerja dengan akhiran –ate, (2) kata kerja dengan akhiran–ize atau–ise, (3) kata kerja dengan akhiran alveolart , s, z, dan liquidl, dan (4) kata kerja dengan akhiran fricative v dan nasal m dan n. Semua memiliki proses sufiksasi yang berbeda. Berdasarkan analisis dari keempat bentuk kata kerja diatas, hasilnya adalah alomorf–iondan alomorf-ation. Yang kedua, proses nominalisasi yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dibagi menjadi penyisipan, penggantian, dan afiksasi simpel. Yang ketiga, proses morfofonemik yang muncul pada proses nominalisasi adalah perubahan huruf mati dan perubahan huruf vokal, schwa epenthesis, dan pergeseran tekanan.

1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is an important part of people’s life. They used it to communicate, to study, to express the ideas in their daily life. It is better for us not only know many things about our language but also other languages such as English. English is a universal language and it has many things to learn especially in linguistic system.

According to Akmajian, Demers, and Harnish (1984: 4), phonology (the study of the sounds of language and the patterning), morphology (the study of words and word building), semantics (the study of meaning and reference), and syntax (the study of the structure of sentences and phrases) are the subfields of linguistic system. The linguistic system which is studied in this thesis is morphology or morphological study.

A morphological study is the study of the relation between the meaning and the form of the words. In a morphological study, it has so many processes to analyze the meaning and the form of the words like compound, affixation, reduplication, and so on. Actually, English has three kinds of affixes; they are prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. The writer only focuses on the study of suffix so the writer choose suffix–ionto make specific in this thesis.

There is an important component in a morphological study, namely morpheme. Morpheme is a smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. The word builderconsists of two morphemes, they

are build (the meaning of construct) and –er(indicates as a noun with the meaning ‘one who builds’) (O’Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, and Rees-Miller, 2005: 113).

As we know, morphemes have two types; they are free and bound morpheme. A morpheme that can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme, whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another element is a bound morpheme. For example, the word boy is a free morpheme because it can be used as a word on its own when the word boy attached by plural –s become boysso the wordboysis a bound morpheme (O’Grady and Et al, 2005: 113).

The writer chooses suffix –ion as the main point to discuss because in English, suffix –ion is a common suffixes which is always used in daily conversation. Besides, suffixes can produce the variation of the word with different part of speech and meaning by adding the word with suffix. Part of speech is very important because the word itself can be placed in the correct position of the sentence structure.

On the other hand, some people still do not know yet about nominalization process especially the students of English Department. The writer will give deeper explanation about nominalization by using suffix –ion. It will make people easier to learn about morphological process in a morphological study because from nominalization process we can find the other process like morphophonemic. So, the students of English department should know about nominalization because nominalization is also the part of

the morphological process. Nominalization is a process of transformation from an adjective or a verb into a noun.

In other words, this study is about identifying and analyzing the verb forms which can be transformed into noun by using suffix –ion, and also analyzing the morphophonemic process in the nominalization.

B. Problem Formulation

To support the analysis with this topic, the writer formulates the problem into two questions:

1. What verb forms can be nominalized by suffix –ionand how is the process? 2. What morphophonemic processes occur in the nominalization of the suffix

-ion?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives in this study. The first one is to identify the verb forms which can be nominalized by using suffix –ion. It means the verb form is a verb as the base of the suffix. There are so many verbs which are formed by adding the suffixes such as –ate in the wordcalculate and –izein legalize. After that, the writer analyze the verb forms which is nominalized by suffix –ion using the types of nominalization process to know whether the suffix–ioncan be attached directly without changing the form or not.

The second is to observe the morphophonemic process which occurs in nominalization. So, the types and the rules of morphophonemic process can be known after the process of nominalization.

D. Definition of Terms

To support this analysis there are some definition of terms which are used in this thesis. They are morpheme, suffix, nominalization, morphophonemic process, noun, and verb. Szymanek (1989:14) states that morpheme is the smallest individual meaningful element in the utterances of a language. The smallest unit in language is called a morpheme.

In morphological study there are suffixes; suffixes are the morphemes which come to the right of the root (Spencer, 2003:5). In other theory, Gleason (1958:131) defines that suffixes are the affixes which follow the root with which they are more closely associated. Some examples of suffixes in English are /-iz/ in suffixes and /-ɪ∫_{/ in boyish.}

The morphophonemic processes are the transitional between morphology and phonology (Matthews, 1991:146). It can be stated as the combination between two theories, they are morphology and phonology.

Verbs are the words for actions, events, and relations. Examples: kiss, explode, and resemble (Akmajian, Demers, and Harnish, 1984: 60).

Nouns are the words for proper names, as well as words for humans, animals and other living things, physical objects, and certain abstract ideas. Examples: Mary, Edward, Fino, woman, man, dog, tree, chair, pebble, injustice, peace (Akmajian Et al, 1984: 60).

5 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This study talks nominalization and morphophonemic process in the English words attached by suffix -ion. From the topic, this study uses some theories to support the analysis. They are theory of morpheme, root and stem, allomorph, morphophonemic processes, notation rules and review of suffix -ion. The writer analyzes the theories on the next part of this chapter.

A. Review of Related Studies

Suffixation is the type of affixation. It has so many suffixes within the suffixation like –ment, -icy, -ly, -al, -(i)al, -ion, and many more. There is thesis about suffix from two students which had been discussed. Bibit Nur Handono (2007: 3) discussed about suffix –ion in his thesis “A Synchronic Study on the Form of English Suffix -ion”. His thesis analyzed two things. First is the allomorph of suffix –ion and the distribution based on the stem. Second is the morphophonemic process which may occur in the attachment of suffix –ionto the stem.

Based on his data analysis, Bibit used only synchronic approach to analyze the data. The first step, he organized the data into a different group based on the allomorphs of suffix –ion and defined the environment based on the manner of articulation of the final sounds of the stems. Bibit gave explanation about the distribution of allomorph using the table. In the table, he decided the morpheme which became the underlying form of suffix –ion by seeing the frequency of the

occurrences. In morphophonemic process, Bibit analyzed the data by transcribing the phonetic transcription of the words having suffix–ionand the stem.

The other example of thesis from Dalan Mehuli Perangin-Angin (2000: 3-5) discussed about suffix –ion in his thesis “A Morphological Study of the English Noun Suffix –ion”. He explained about the phonetic form, the meaning, and the distribution of suffix –ion in derivatives. Dalan used two approaches to analyze his data; both of them are diachronic and synchronic approach. In phonetic form, he tried to find the allomorphs of suffix –ion and morphological or phonological condition in each allomorph so he could make the rules of the occurrences of each allomorph. Besides, Dalan tried to find the meaning of the suffix and the major lexical category. In the distribution, he analyzed the major lexical category and the affixes that form the stems.

This study also explains about suffix –ion but it will be different from those two studies. Bibit used only synchronic approach but the writer will use synchronic and diachronic approach. Although, the writer uses the same approaches with Dalan’s thesis, the process of the analysis will be different. Dalan used synchronic and diachronic approaches to analyze the phonetic form, the meaning, and the distribution. In this study, the writer will use synchronic and diachronic approaches to analyze the verb form which can be nominalized by suffix –ion. After that, the writer will give deeper explanation in the types of the nominalization process. Besides, Dalan explained about morphophonemic process. The writer will also explain about morphophonemic process but the different is in the analysis of the types of morphophonemic process. The writer will analyze the

data using seven types of morphophonemic processes. They are assimilation, vowel change and consonant change, deletion, dissimilation, metathesis, schwa epenthesis, and stress shift. The other thing that makes those two theses and this study different is the phonological rules. The writer will apply the phonological rules in the explanation of the second question.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part of the chapter, the writer explains about the theories which are used to support the analysis of this study. They are theory of morpheme, theory of root and stem, theory of allomorph, theory of morphophonemic process, theory of notation rules, and review of suffix-ion.

1. Theory of Morpheme

Andrew Spencer explained about morpheme based on Bloomfield’s explanation. The explanation of Spencer is as follows:

In the tradition of American structuralist linguistics established by Bloomfield (1993), a morpheme is generally defined as the ‘minimal meaningful element’. The fact that one and the same entity can be both a morpheme and a word (or, equivalently, that some words consist of just one morpheme, i.e. are monomorphemic) shouldn’t worry us. However, it is useful to distinguish those morphemes which are also words in their own right from those which only appear as a proper subpart of a word. The former are called free morphemes and the latter bound morphemes. (Spencer, 2003:5)

Spencer’s theory above explains about morpheme. Based on the theory, morpheme is a minimal meaningful element. There are two kinds of morphemes. They are free and bound morpheme. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself. For examples man, woman, home and so on. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached with another element like boy + -s can be

boys. The other example is the wordhaunter;hauntis a free morpheme because it can be used as a word on its own and affix –er is a bound morpheme because it combined with the verbhaunt.

2. Theory of Root and Stem

In morpheme, there are two types of morpheme, namely: free and bound morpheme. They have an important part called root and stem. Andrew Spencer explained about root and stem as follows:

The word disagreements we can dissect a basic morpheme agree and three bound morphemes, dis-, -ment, and –s. we call agree the root and the other bound morphemes affixes. The morphemes–ment and–s, which come to the right of the root, aresuffixes, whiledis-which comes to the left is aprefix. In the word disagreements we call the form disagreement the stem. (Spencer, 2003:5)

It means root is a morpheme which is not attached by affixes but stem is a morpheme which is attached by affixes or we can say bound morpheme. For example, the worddisagreements, the root is a verbagree. The morphemes –ment and –s which attach to the right of the root are suffixes, while dis- is a prefix because it comes to the left of the root. So, the form of the word isdisagreements. 3. Theory of Allomorph

O’Grady states “allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. For example is in plural morpheme-s like cats, dogs, and judges. The pronunciation of those two words, where in the first morpheme changes even though its spelling remains the same” (2005: 114).

From the theory above the plural morpheme–sis the allomorph of the words cats, dogs, and judges. They should be /s/ in cats, /z/ in dogs, and /əz/ in judges. They

are three variant morphemes which are phonologically predicted in their distribution relative to one another. The other example is English past tense morpheme –ed. It has three allomorphs /t/, /d/, and /id/ which are phonologically predicted based on the final sound which is attached on the stem. Some allomorphy seems to be conditioned neither by phonologically nor by the word which a morpheme is attached, but by the presence of other morphemes. Many examples of allomorphy are provided by the ending –ionin English which form a noun from certain verb. It has several allomorphs, the most common is –ion. For example, in the words which ends in the morpheme –ceive such as receive and deceive, we can find the allomorph –ion in the words reception and deception after getting suffixation. So, these words seem to have nothing in common except that they end in the–ceive/-ceptmorphemes.

4. Theory of Morphophonemic Process

Morphophonemic process is the combination of morphology and phonology. Spencer also explained about that process. He said that:

This connects morphological theory with phonological theory (what is known in structuralism as ‘phonemics’), and for certain schools of structuralism the result was an intermediate morphophonemic level. I mentioned that morphemes may appear in different phonological shapes because of the effects of general phonological process. (Spencer, 2003:53)

From this theory, morphophonemic process is the combination of morphological theory and phonological theory. The morpheme may appear in different phonological shapes because there is effect of the general phonological process. According to Wardhaugh, there are seven types of process in morphophonemic

process. Those are assimilation, vowel change and consonant change, deletion, dissimilation, metathesis, schwa epenthesis, and stress shift.

The first type is assimilation. It assimilates one segment to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, making the two phones more similar. For example, the voiced /z/ of the English regular plural suffix is changed to [s] after a voiceless sound, and that similarly the voiced /d/ of the English regular past-tense is changed to [t] after a voiceless sound. (Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, 2000: 276)

The second type is consonant and vowel change. They are a change of a consonant or a vowel after a word is added by an affix (Wardhaugh, 1977: 198-200). For example: the word resident/’rezɪ_də_{nt/ becomes residential /rez}ɪ’də_n∫l/ after it is added by suffix –(i)al. /t/ inresident change into /∫/ in residential. The wordpalate/’pælət/ becomepalatial/pə ’leɪ_{∫l/is the example of the vowel change.} The vowel change occurs after suffixation. At the first word the vowel is /æ/ but after suffixation the vowel become /ə/.

The third type is deletion. In O’Grady’s theory(1989: 79) deletion is a rule that a schwa /ə/ deleted when the next vowel in the word is stressed, as in police /plis/ and parade /preɪd/. _{The notation rules of the wordspoliceandparadeas follows:}

ə Ø/_____ [+liquid]

The fourth type is dissimilation. It is a rule in which a segment becomes less similar to another segment. For example, the word fifth can be pronounced into

fift because the fricative /θ/ becomes dissimilar to the preceding fricative by becoming a stop. (Fromkin, 2000: 282)

The fifth type is metathesis. It is a rule to move the phonemes from one place to another. For example, the word ask is pronounced [aks], but the word asking is pronounced into [askiŋ].(Fromkin, 2000:285)

The sixth type is schwa epenthesis. It is the insertion of the schwa /ə/ in pronunciation after the word is added by affixation. For example, the word compete /kə m’pit/ becomes competition /,kαmpə ’tɪ∫n_{/ after it is added by –ition} (Wardhaugh, 1977: 241)

The last type is stress shift. It is the intensity with which a sound is pronounced relative to that of other sounds (Wardhaugh, 1977: 46). For example: the word finance /’faɪ_{næns/ becomes financial /fa}ɪ’næn∫l/_{we can see before the suffixation} the strong stress at the front of the word but after it is added by suffix -ial the strong stress move to the second syllable.

5. Theory of Notation Rules

O’Grady’s theory (2005: 92-93) mentioned that the notation rules is AB / X ___ Y. In the notation, A stands as an element in the underlying representation. The position of B is for the output of the rule and X and Y for the conditioning environment. The slash (/) can be thought of as meaning‘in the environment of’. We can read the notation rule asA becomes B in the environment between X and Y. there is a statement, it is a voiceless segment becomes voiced between two vowels. So, the notation rule should be [- voiced][+ voiced] /V ___ V. An element in

the underlying representation is [-voiced]. The B for the output of the rule is [+voiced]. TheXandYfor the conditioning environment are between two vowels / V__ V.

6. Review of Suffix–ion

Arronof’s theory(1976: 98-100) stated that suffix–ionis a suffix which is very productive and widespread. There are about 200 words ending in suffix –ionand comprising a total approximately 4% of the words listed in a particular dictionary. Suffix –ion is also as a deverbal abstract action nominal suffix with active and passive senses.

Deverbal means a noun that derived from verb but grammatically, it is pure as a noun not a verb. The formation of deverbal itself is one of the types of nominalization or noun formation. For example, the word organization has a function as a noun, it is derived from the verborganize.

According to The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, -ion /iən/ suffix representing Old French –ion, Latin –io(n), which forms nouns of condition and action from (i) adjectives or substantives as communion COMMUNION, formed on communis COMMON, dominio DOMINION; (ii) verb-stems, as legio LEGION, formed onlegerecollect, but chiefly from (iii) past participle or supine stems in t, s, x (see–TION, -SION) (1966:484).

C. Theoretical Framework

This study divided the theory into two kinds of theories; they are theory of morphology and theory of phonology. First is the theory of morphology which included theory of morpheme, theory of root and stem, theory of allomorph, and

theory of morphophonemic process. Each of the theories has their own function in this study. The theory of morpheme is a basic theory to find out the form of the stem in the data. So, we can know the basic form of the word before the word get suffixation by suffix–ion.

The theory of root and stem and theory of allomorph will be used to support the analysis in the process that will be formulated in nominalization process. The two theories above are also very useful to observe the verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –ion. Besides, the theory of morphophonemic process is very useful to analyze the words which can be nominalized by suffix –ion. From nominalization process, we can find the types and the rules of morphophonemic processes occur in that process. So, the theory of morphophonemic process is also appropriate to analyze the data.

Second is the theory of phonology such as theory of notation rules. It is used to complete the analysis of morphophonemic processes. The notation rules are applied in every type of morphophonemic processes.

14 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts. The first part explains about the object or data which is used to support the analysis. The second part explains the approach of the study which is used by the writer to analyze the data. The last part explains the process and the steps to collect and to analyze the data.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is the English words that end with suffix–ion: verb into noun. The data are taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The seventh edition of the Oxford Dictionary was published by Oxford University Press in 2005. The dictionary is chosen because it is commonly used by university students who are studying English. Besides, it provides the definition and the phonetic transcription of the words. The phonetic transcription used to help the writer when analyzing the data in morphophonemic processes in the attachment of suffix–ionto the stems.

B. Approach of the Study

The writer analyzed Nominalization and Morphophonemic Process in the English Words Attached by Suffix -ionso she used two approaches to support the analysis of the data. Both are morphological approach and phonological approach. Morphology is a linguistic field which studies about the structure of words and the processes of word formation (O’Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, and Rees-Miller, 2005: 112). The theories in morphology are morpheme, root and stem, and

allomorph. In morphology, the term affixation is common in use when the suffixation is the main discussion of the study. In this study, morphological approach is used to identify the verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –

ion. Then, the verb forms can be analyzed by the types of nominalization process.

Phonology is the part of linguistics which studies the sound pattern and the systematic phonetic variation found in language (O’Grady and Et al, 2005: 57). Phonological approach is suitable to be used to analyze the seven types of morphophonemic processes and the phonological rules. In this study, morphological approach and phonological approach are the primary approaches because the writer formulates the problem concerning the nominalization process and the distribution and the morphophonemic processes. In addition, the writer will relate the morphophonemic processes with the notation rules. The notation rules are also applied in the analysis of every step of morphophonemic processes. Morphophonemic processes are the combination of two processes, namely morphological and phonological processes.

C. Method of the Study

This part is divided into two sub-parts, the first part explained the ways which are used by the writer to collect the data. The second part explained the process to analyze the data based on the problem formulation.

1. Data Collection

In this part the writer collected the data taken from Oxford Advance

Learner’s Dictionary.The dictionary is used to find the words that end with suffix

transcription. The instrument of this study is a dictionary because there are so many words attached by suffix –ion in a dictionary which is completed with the phonetic transcription. It will help the writer to choose and to analyze the data. On the other hand, the writer wants to focus onOxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary because the writer will find it easier to organize the data.

The writer collected the data only from one dictionary because it is enough as the data to represent the words from every letter or character in dictionary. The writer picked 5 relevant data per each alphabet from Oxford Advance Learner’s

Dictionary because they could represent all the finding of the analysis in this study. The amount of the data should be 130 words to be analyzed if the writer picked 5 words per each letter. The writer decided only 5 words per each alphabet because all the verb forms had been included. Verb form is a base form which has function as a verb and it can get the attachment process of affixation. The writer selected the words based on the base form which were typically the verbs. The writer also adds the origin of the words having suffix –ion as additional information because the noun of suffix–ionis derived from Latin via French. The function of those data is a verb into a noun. The examples of the data are as follows:

Abbreviate (V) _ Abbreviation (N) Confess (V) _ Confession (N) Deduct (V)  Deduction (N) Expedite (V)  Expedition (N) Formalize (V)  Formalization (N) Legalize (V)  Legalization (N)

2. Data Analysis

Several steps are found out by the writer to analyze the data and answer the problem formulation in the first chapter. First, the writer collected the words based on free and bound morpheme. The morpheme has function as a verb that can be nominalized by suffix –ion. The second step is to identifying the verb forms as the data using the type of nominalization process so the writer will know that the verb forms can be nominalized by suffix –iondirectly or not.

After that, we can find the seven types of morphophonemic process. The third step analyzed the data using the seven types of morphophonemic processes which occurs after the nominalization process. The last step applied the notation rules in the analysis of the seven types of morphophonemic processes.

18 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter contains the data and the analysis to answer two questions which are formulated in chapter 1. The first question discussed the types of the verb forms which can be nominalized by suffix –ion and the process of nominalization. The second question is the morphophonemic processes that occur in the nominalization of suffix–ion.

All the words which are attached to the suffix –ion will become a noun. The type of the words that can be attached to suffix –ion has function as a verb. After observing the words which are attached by suffix –ionin Oxford Advanced

Learners’ Dictionary 7th edition (2005), the writer only found 80 words because some of the alphabets did not have the data. The writer also found the types of verb forms. The first part of this chapter is focused to answer the first question concerning the types of the verb forms as the part of nominalization process. The following is the analysis of the nominalization process.

A. Types of verb forms attached by suffix_–ion

In this part the writer explains that suffix–ioncan be attached to the four types of verbs to form nouns, namely (1) verbs with–ate, (2) verbs with–izeor-ise, (3) verbs withalveolar t,s, andz,liquid l, (4) verbs withfricative vandnasal mand n.

The first type of verb is a verb with –ate, the verbs can be showed in the list below:

Abbreviate  Abbreviation Calculate  Calculation Decorate  Decoration Evaluate  Evaluation Federate  Federation Fluctuate _ Fluctuation Generate _ Generation Graduate _ Graduation Hallucinate _ Hallucination Illustrate  Illustration Legislate  Legislation Liquidate  Liquidation Lubricate  Lubrication Manipulate  Manipulation Motivate  Motivation Navigate  Navigation Nominate  Nomination Operate  Operation Participate  Participation Radiate  Radiation Simulate  Simulation Speculate  Speculation Tolerate  Toleration Terminate  Termination Translate  Translation Undulate  Undulation Violate _ Violation

The verbs which attach by -ate can be nominalized with –ionso they changed into–ion after the process of suffixation. Those verbs contains an allomorph–ion because suffix–ionnot only can change to other forms or the allomorphs after it is attached to the stems that have function as verbs but also can be the base form. It means suffix –ion can stay at its form in the final sounds of the verbs. For example, the verbabbreviateends in alveolar stop consonant /t/ when the suffix–

ion attached to the end of the verb, so the noun abbreviation is formed. In the noun abbreviation, suffix–iondoes not change to other form.

The second type of verb is a verb with –ize or -ise, in this type there are two kinds of ending after getting the attachment of suffix–ion. First is the word which ends in–ation. The second is the word which ends in –ion. the first example can be showed in the list below:

Authorize  Authorization Canalize  Canalization Familiarize  Familiarization Globalize  Globalization Harmonize  Harmonization Hospitalize  Hospitalization Liberalize _ Liberalization Materialize _ Materialization Militarize _ Militarization Nationalize _ Nationalization Normalize  Normalization Palatalize  Palatalization Realize  Realization Socialize  Socialization Unionize  Unionization

Vocalize  Vocalization Westernize  Westernization

The verbs which attach by -izecan be nominalized with –ion so they changed into –ation after the process of suffixation. Suffix –ion can also change to other allomorph. Based on the data above, they have allomorph–ationbecause it occurs at the end of the nouns after the attachment process of suffix –ion when the final sounds of the verbs are alveolar fricatives. For example, the verbglobalizeends in alveolar fricative /z/ when suffix–ionis attached to the end of the verb so the end of the noun changes into –ation in the noun globalization. It means all the attachment process of suffix –ionto the verbs which has suffix –ize at the end of the stem will result allomorph–ation.

The second examples are the verbs with –ise, the verbs can be showed in the list below:

Circumcise  Circumcision Excise  Excision Revise  Revision

The verbs which attach by -isecan be nominalized with –ion so they changed into–ion after the process of suffixation. Those verbs contains an allomorph–ion because suffix–ionnot only can change to other forms or the allomorphs after it is attached to the stems that have function as verbs but also can be the base form. It means suffix –ion can stay at its form in the final sounds of the verbs. For example, the verbexciseends in alveolar fricative consonant /z/ when the suffix–

ion attached to the end of the verb, so the noun excision is formed. In the noun excision, suffix–iondoes not change to other form.

The third type of verb is a verb withalveolar t,s, andz,liquid l. The verbs can be showed in the list below:

a. Alveolar t

Abort  Abortion Affect  Affection Conduct  Conduction Deduct  Deduction Exhibit  Exhibition Induct _ Induction Format _ Formation b. Alveolar s

Confess _ confession Discuss  Discussion

Flex  Flexion

Immerse  Immersion c. Alveolar z

Infuse  Infusion d. Liquid l

Rebel  Rebellion

The verbs which end in thealveolar t,s, andz, theliquid lcan be nominalized by suffix –ion directly after getting the process of suffixation. The suffixation does not change the stem. Those verbs contains an allomorph –ionbecause suffix

–ion not only can change to other forms or the allomorphs after it is attached to the stems that have function as verbs but also can be the base form. It means suffix –ioncan stay at its form in the final sounds of the verbs. For example, the verbaffectends in alveolar stop consonant /t/ when the suffix –ionattached to the end of the verb, so the noun affectionis formed. In the noun affection, suffix –ion does not change to other form. This condition is also applicable to the verbs

discuss, infuse, and rebel, they ends in alveolar fricative consonant /s/,/z/ and liquid consonant /l/. So, suffix –ionalso does not change to any other form in the nouns discussion, infusion, and rebellion.

The fourth type of verb is a verb with fricative v andnasal m andn, the verbs can be showed in the list below:

Acclaim  Acclamation Derive  Derivation Explain _ Explanation Inform _ Information Lament _ Lamentation Observe _ Observation

The verbs which end in the fricative vand nasal mand n, can be nominalized by suffix –ion. After they got suffixation, the vowel in the initial position and in the middle position changed into other vowels. The consonant and the vowel in the final position is added by –ation because of the suffixation process. For example the word derive /dɪ’raɪ_{v/ becomes derivation /,der}ɪ’veɪ∫n/_{. The vowel} in initial position changed from /ɪ_{/ into /e/ and in the middle position changed} from /aɪ_{/ into /}ɪ_{/. Besides, the fricative /v/ in final position got suffixation so it is} added with–ation/eɪ∫n/_.

Suffix –ioncan also change to other allomorph. Based on the data above, they have allomorph –ation because it occurs at the end of the nouns after the attachment process of suffix –ionwhen the final sounds of the verbs are not only fricative but also nasal. For example, the verb derive ends in fricative /v/ when suffix–ionis attached to the end of the verb so the end of the noun changes into–

ationin the noun derivation. This condition is also applicable to the verbsexplain and inform which ends in nasal consonants /n/,/m/. So, suffix –ioncan change to other form or allomorph–ationin the nouns explanationand information.

B. The Process of Nominalization by Suffix –ion

This part explains about the process of nominalization of the verb form after getting suffixation process. The process of nominalization is divided into three processes. They are insertion, replacement, and simple affixation.

1. Insertion

Insertion is the process which the word is inserted by the letter before suffix – ion. The insertion process of suffix –ion occurs in verbs which end in –ize and fricativev, nasalmandnin the process of suffixation.

First, the insertion occurs in the verbs which end in –ize, this condition can be represented in the attachments below:

Authorize + -ion  Authorization /’ɔ:θə_raɪ_{z/ /}ɔ:θə_raɪ’zeɪ∫n/ Canalize + -ion  Canalization

/’kænəlaɪ_{z/ /,kæn}ə_laɪ’zeɪ∫n/ Familiarize + -ion  Familiarization /fə’mɪ_liə_raɪ_{z/ /f}ə_,mɪ_lieraɪ’zeɪ∫n/ Globalize + -ion  Globalization

Harmonize + -ion _ Harmonization

/’hamənaɪ_{z/ /,ham}ə_naɪ’zeɪ∫n/ Hospitalize + -ion _ Hospitalization

/’hɒ_spɪ_tə_laɪ_{z/ /,h}ɒ_spɪ_tə_laɪ’zeɪ∫n/ Liberalize + -ion _ Liberalization

/’lɪ_brə_laɪ_{z/ /,l}ɪ_brə_laɪ’zeɪ∫n/

From those examples, the process can be formulated as follows: Stem 1 + -ionStem 2

Stem 1 are the verbs which ends in –ize but stem 2 are the result of the verbs after getting attachment process of suffix -ion and have function as nouns. The words authorize, canalize, familiarize, globalize, harmonize, hospitalize, and liberalize are inserted by the diphthong /eɪ_{/, fricative /}∫/ and_{nasal /n/ at the end of}

the stem. The words authorization, canalization, familiarization, globalization, harmonization, hospitalization, and liberalization are consisting of the root morphemes author, canal,familiar, global,harmony,hospital, and liberal and the suffix –ize. Those words are not only the roots for the entire words but also the stems for –ize. The units authorize, canalize, familiarize, globalize, harmonize, hospitalize, and liberalizeare the stems for–ion.

The examples above can be seen in underlying form and phonetic representation:

Underlying form #’ɔ:θə_raɪ_{z# + /}ɪə_n/ Diphthong and Consonant insertion #ɔ:θə_raɪ’z_-eɪ_{# + /}ɪə_n/ Phonetic form [ɔ:θə_raɪ’zeɪ∫n]

/’kænəlaɪ_{z/  /,kæn}ə_laɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Underlying form #’kænəlaɪ_{z# + /}ɪə_n/ Diphthong and Consonant insertion #,kænəlaɪ’z_-eɪ_{# + /}ɪə_n/ Phonetic form [,kænəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n_]

/fə’mɪ_liə_raɪ_{z/  /f}ə_,mɪ_liə_raɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Underlying form #fə’mɪ_liə_raɪ_{z# + /}ɪə_n/ Diphthong and Consonant insertion #fə,mɪ_liə_raɪ’z_-eɪ_{# + /}ɪə_n/ Phonetic form [fə,mɪ_liə_raɪ’zeɪ∫n_]

/’gləubəlaɪ_{z/  /,gl}ə_ubə_laɪ’zeɪ∫n/

Underlying form #’gləubəlaɪ_{z# + /}ɪə_n/ Diphthong and Consonant insertion #,gləubəlaɪ’z_-eɪ_{# + /}ɪə_n/ Phonetic form [,gləubəlaɪ’zeɪ∫n_]

Second, the insertion occurs in the verbs which end in fricative vand nasal m andn, this condition can be represented in the attachments below:

Acclaim + -ion  Acclamation /ə’kleɪ_{m/ /,ækl}ə ’meɪ∫n/

Derive + -ion  Derivation /dɪ’raɪ_{v/ /,der}ɪ’veɪ∫n/ Explain + -ion  Explanation /ɪk’spleɪ_{n/ /,ekspl}ə ’neɪ∫n/

From those examples, the process can be formulated as follows: Stem 1 + -ionStem 2

Stem 1 are the verbs which ends in fricative /v/ and nasal /m/, /n/ but stem 2 are the result of the verbs after getting attachment process of suffix -ion and have function as nouns. This second insertion is different from the other one because in this process the wordsacclaim,derive, and explainin stem 1 are added by–ationat the end of the stem 2 after the suffixation process. Besides, the vowels in the initial position and in the middle position changed into others vowel after getting the suffixation process. For example, the word acclaim/ə’kleɪ_{m/ becomesacclamation} /,æklə ’meɪ∫n/_{, the vowel in the initial position changed from /}ə_{/ into /æ/ and in the} middle position changed from /eɪ_{/ into /}ə_{/ after the suffixation process.}

The words acclamation, derivation, and explanation are consisting the root morphemes acclaim, derive, and explain and the suffix –ion. So, those words are not only the root for the entire words but also the stems for–ion.

The examples above can be seen in underlying form and phonetic representation:

Underlying form #ə ’kleɪ_{m# + /}ɪə_n/ Diphthong and Consonant insertion #,æklə ’m-eɪ_{# + /}ɪə_n/ Phonetic form [,æklə ’meɪ∫n_]

/dɪ’raɪ_{v/  /,der}ɪ’veɪ∫n/

Underlying form #dɪ’raɪ_{v# + /}ɪə_n/ Diphthong and Consonant insertion #,derɪ’v_-eɪ_{# + /}ɪə_n/ Phonetic form [,derɪ’veɪ∫n]

2. Replacement

Replacement is a process which the ending of the stem is replaced by suffix –

ion. The replacement occurs in the verbs which end in –ise, this condition can be represented in the attachments below:

Circumcise + -ion  Circumcision Excise + -ion _ Excision Revise + -ion  Revision

From those examples, the process can be formulated as follows: Stem 1 + -ionStem 2

Stem 1 are the verbs which ends in alveolar fricative /z/ but stem 2 are the result of the verbs after getting attachment process of suffix -ionand have function as nouns. The words circumcise,excise, andrevisein stem 1 can be nominalized by suffix –ion. An alveolar fricative /z/ is dropped and the suffix –ion is added at the end of the stem 2 after getting the suffixation process. So, those words end in –ise changed into –ion. The wordscircumcision,excision, andrevisionconsists the root

morphemes circumcise,excise, and revise and the suffix –ion. So, those words are not only the root for the entire words but also the stems for–ion.

The examples above can be seen in underlying form and phonetic representation:

/’sз:kəmsaɪ_{z/ } /,sз:kə m’sɪʒ_n/ Underlying form #’sз:kəmsaɪ_z# Process replacement #’sз:kəmsaɪ_z+-ɪə_n# Phonetic form [,sз:kə m’sɪʒ_n] /ɪk’_saɪ_{z/  /}ɪk’sɪʒ_n/ Underlying form #ɪk’_saɪ_z# Process replacement #ɪk’_saɪ_z+-ɪə_n# Phonetic form [ɪk’sɪʒ_n] /rɪ’_vaɪ_{z/  /r}ɪ’_vɪʒ_n/ Underlying form # rɪ’_vaɪ_{z #} Process replacement # rɪ’_vaɪ_{z +-}ɪə_n#

Phonetic form [rɪ’_vɪʒ_n] 3. Simple Affixation

Simple affixation is a process which the suffix –ion attached to the stem directly without changing the form of the stem.

The process of affixation can be formulated as follows: Stem 1 + -ion_Stem 2

Simple affixation can be found in verbs which end inalveolar t,s, andz,liquid l, this condition can be represented in the attachments below:

a. Alveolar t

Abort + -ion  Abortion Affect + -ion  Affection Conduct + -ion  Conduction Deduct + -ion  Deduction Exhibit + -ion _ Exhibition Induct + -ion  Induction Format + -ion  Formation b. Alveolar s

Confess + -ion  confession Discuss + -ion _ Discussion Flex + -ion  Flexion Immerse + -ion  Immersion c. Alveolar z

Infuse + -ion  Infusion d. Liquid l

Rebel + -ion  Rebellion

Stem 1 are the verbs which ends in alveolar stop /t/, alveolar fricative /s/, /z/ and liquid /l/ but stem 2 are the result of the verbs after getting attachment process of suffix -ion and have function as nouns. The examples above showed that there are no changes in the root and the suffix after the suffixation process. So, the suffix

C. The Morphophonemic Processes of Suffix–ion

This part is the analysis of the second question which concerned the morphophonemic processes that may occur in suffix –ion to the stems. There are several types of morphophonemic processes in the attachment of suffix –ionto the stems. There are certain types of the process which often occurs and also rarely occurs. The morphophonemic processes which may occur in suffix –ion to the stems are:

1. Consonant Change and Vowel Change a. Consonant Change

In verbs have consonant change process after getting the attachment of suffix –

ion. The examples of words which got consonant change process are:

Abbreviate  Abbreviation

/ə ’brivieɪ_{t/ /}ə ,brivi’eɪ∫_n/ Calculate  Calculation

/’kælkjuleɪ_t/ /,kælkju’leɪ∫_n/ Decorate  Decoration

/’dekəreɪ_{t/ /,dek}ə ’reɪ∫n/ Evaluate  Evaluation

The nouns of suffix –ion above are derived from Latin via French so the writer adds the etymology of those words from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology(1966:2-331). The etymology of those words as follows:

E. abbreviate < late L. abbreviare => F. abbreviation

E. calculate < L. calculare < F. calcule < (O) F. calculer => (O) F. calculation

E. decorate < L. decoratus

E. evaluate < (O)F. evaluer => (O)F. evaluation

From those examples, we can see the consonant change occurs at the end of the stem. In the words abbreviate, calculate, decorate, and evaluate, alveolar /t/ is pronounced but after the suffixation the alveolar is not pronounced but changed into fricative /∫/.The examples above can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:

/t//∫// ___[+nasal]

The other examples of the verbs which get consonant change process are:

Circumcise _ Circumcision

/’sз:kəmsaɪ_z/ /,sз:kə m’sɪʒ_n/ Excise _ Excision

The nouns of suffix –ion above are derived from Latin via French so the writer adds the etymology of those words from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology(1966:177-334). The etymology of those words as follows:

E. circumcise < L. circumcisum => (O)F. circumcision

E. excise < L. excisum => L. excision

From those examples, we can see the consonant change at the end of the stem. In the wordcircumciseandexcise, alveolar fricative /z/ is pronounced but after the suffixation the alveolar fricative is not pronounced but changed into palatal fricative /ʒ_{/. The examples above can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:}

/z//ʒ_{// ___[+nasal]}

b. Vowel Change

Vowel change process is also a process which occurs in the attachment of suffix –

ion to the verbs. There are three kinds of vowel change process in this analysis, they are:

- Vowel to Vowel

The vowel which occurs in the verb has function as a root changes into another vowel in the noun after getting suffixation process by suffix -ion. This condition can be represented in the process below:

Inform  Information

The noun of suffix –ionabove is derived from Latin via French so the writer adds the etymology of this word from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966:473). The etymology of this word as follows:

E. inform < (O)F. enfo(u)rmer < L. informare => L. information

In the verbinformthe vowel /ɔ_{:/ in middle position change into /}ə_{/ in the noun} information after getting the suffixation process. The verb gets vowel change process from vowel to vowel because there is stress shift which influences the changing of the vowel. In the first verb, the stress is in ultimate or first syllable from the back. On the other hand, the stress in second verb moved to penultimate or second syllable from the back after getting suffixation. So, the vowel changes from [+rounded] to [-rounded]. The example above can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:

/ɪn’_fɔ_{:m/  /,}ɪ_nfə ’_meɪ∫n/ /ɔ_://ə_{// ___[+nasal]}

- Vowel to Diphthong

In this part, the vowel which occurs in the verb can be a root or a stem that changes into the diphthong in the noun after getting suffixation process by suffix –

ion. The example is:

Format  Formation

The noun of suffix –ionabove is derived from Latin via French so the writer adds the etymology of this word from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966:371). The etymology of this word as follows:

E. format < G. format < L. formatus

In the verb format the vowel /æ/ which is in the middle position changes into diphthong /eɪ_{/ in the noun formation after getting attachment by suffix} –_{ion. The} example above can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:

/æ//eɪ_{// ___[+fricative, -voiced]}

- Diphthong to Vowel

In this part, the diphthong occurs in the verb can be a root or a stem that changes into the vowel in the noun after getting suffixation process by suffix -ion. This condition can be represented in the process below:

Revise  Revision

/rɪ’v_aɪ_{z/ /r}ɪ’vɪʒ_n/

The noun of suffix –ionabove is derived from Latin via French so the writer adds the etymology of this word from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966:763). The etymology of this word as follows:

In the verbrevisethe diphthong /aɪ_{/ in middle position changes into the vowel} /ɪ_{/ in the noun revision after getting the suffixation process. The example above} can be applied in notation rule. The rule is:

/rɪ’v_aɪ_{z/  /r}ɪ’vɪʒ_n/

/aɪ_//ɪ_{//___ [+fricative, +voiced]}

2. Schwa Epenthesis

Schwa epenthesis is also including in the morphophonemic processes. Schwa epenthesis processes occurs in the verbs which getting attachment by suffix -ion, this condition can be represented in the process below:

Rebel  Rebellion

/rɪ’bel_{/ /r}ɪ’beljə_n/

Suggest  Suggestion

/sə ’dʒ_{est/ /s}ə ’dʒ_est∫ə_n/

The nouns of suffix –ion above are derived from Latin via French so the writer adds the etymology of those words from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology(1966:744-884). The etymology of those words as follows:

E. rebel < (O)F. rebeller < L. rebellare => (O)F. rebellion < L. rebellio E. suggest < F. suggest < L. suggerere => (O)F. suggestion

In the first verb rebel the schwa /ə/ does not exist but after getting suffixation in the noun rebellion the schwa /ə/ exists in the final position. In the second verb

suggest the schwa /ə/ does not exist but after getting suffixation process in the noun suggestionthe schwa exists at the end of the stem. So, all of the vowel /ə/ in the nouns becomes unstressed. The examples above can be applied in notation rules. The rules are:

/rɪ’bel / _{ /r}ɪ’beljə_n/

Ø/ə//___ [+nasal]

/sə ’dʒ_{est/  /s}ə ’dʒ_est∫ə_n/ Ø/ə//___ [+nasal]

3. Stress Shift

Stress shift is a morphophonemic process which often occurs in the attachment of suffix –ion to the verbs. There are two kinds of stress shift processes in this analysis. They are ante-penultimate to penultimate and ultimate to penultimate. Ante-penultimate is a stress on the third from the right syllable. Penultimate is a stress on the second from the right syllable. Ultimate is a stress on the last from the right syllable.

a. From Ante-Penultimate to Penultimate

In this process, the stress is on ante-penultimate or the third syllable from the back in the verbs moves to penultimate or the second syllable from the back in the nouns after getting attachment process of suffix –ion. These are the examples of the attachment in this stress shift process; this condition can be represented in the process below:

Liquidate  Liquidation

/’lɪ_kwɪ_deɪ_{t/ /,l}ɪ_kwɪ’deɪ∫n/ Radiate _ Radiation

/’reɪ_dieɪ_{t/ /,re}ɪdi’eɪ∫n/ Liberalize _ Liberalization

/’lɪ_brə_laɪ_{z/ /,l}ɪ_brə_laɪ’zeɪ∫n/ Militarize  Militarization

/’mɪ_lɪ_tə_raɪ_{z/ /,m}ɪ_lɪ_tə_raɪ’zeɪ∫n/ Palatalize  Palatalization

/’pælətəlaɪ_{z/ /,pæl}ə_tə_laɪ’zeɪ∫n/

The nouns of suffix –ion above are derived from Latin via French so the writer adds the etymology of those words from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology(1966:526-642). The etymology of those words as follows:

E. liquidate < medL. liquidare < F. liquider E. radiate < F. radiat => radiation

E. liberalize

E. militarize

In the verbs liquidate, radiate, liberalize, militarize, and palatalize, the stresses are in ante-penultimate or at the third syllable from the back. The syllables are/’lɪ_k/,/’re_/,/’lɪ_b/,/’mɪ_{/, and}/’pæ/_{. On the other hand, in the nounsliquidation,} radiation, liberalization, militarization, and palatalization, the stress moves to penultimate or at the second syllable from the back. The syllables are /’deɪ∫n/_, /’eɪ∫n/_{, /}’zeɪ∫n/_{, /}’zeɪ∫n/_{, and /}’zeɪ∫n/_.

b. From Ultimate to Penultimate

In this process, the stress is on ultimate or the first syllable from the back in the verbs moves to penultimate or the second syllable from the back in the nouns after getting attachment process of suffix –ion. These are the examples of the attachment in this stress shift process; this condition can be represented in the process below:

Acclaim Acclamation

/ə’kleɪ_{m/ /,ækl}ə ’meɪ∫n/ Derive  Derivation

/dɪ’raɪ_{v/ /,der}ɪ’veɪ∫n/ Evaluate  Evaluation

/ɪ’væljueɪ_{t/ /}ɪ,vælju’eɪ∫n/ Manipulate  Manipulation

Obsess  Obsession

/ə b’ses/ /ə b’se∫n/

The nouns of suffix –ion above are derived from Latin via French so the writer adds the etymology of those words from the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology(1966:7-621). The etymology of those words as follows:

E. acclaim < L. acclamare < F. acclamare => L. acclamation

E. derive < (O)F. deriver < L. derivare < F. derivus => L. derivation

E. evaluate < (O)F. evaluer => (O)F. evaluation

E. manipulate < F. manipuler => F. manipulation < medL. manipulatio

E. obsess < F. obsess < L. obsidere => L. obsession

In the verbsacclaim,derive,evaluate,manipulate, andobsess, the stresses are in ultimate or at the first syllable from the back. The syllables are /’kleɪ_m/, /’raɪ_{v/, /}’væljueɪ_{t/, /}’nɪ_pjuleɪ_{t/, and /}’ses_{/. On the other hand, in the nouns} acclamation,darivation,evaluation,manipulation, andobssesion, the stress moves to penultimate or at the second syllable from the back. The syllables are /’meɪ∫n_/, /’veɪ∫n_{/, /}’eɪ∫n_{/, /}’leɪ∫n_{/, and /}’se∫n_/.

41 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

From the analysis in chapter IV before, the writer concludes two things in relation to the two questions mentioned in chapter I. First, it is concerned in the types of the verb forms which can be nominalized by attaching the suffix –ion. Based on the data the writer got four types of the verb forms, they are verbs with–

ate, verbs with –ize or –ise, verbs with alveolar t , s, and z, liquid l, verbs with fricative vandnasal mandn. The four types of the verb forms can be explained:

1. The verb form with –ate can be found like in the words abbreviate and calculate. This verb can be nominalized by suffix–ionchanged into-ionat the end of the stem.

2. The verb form with–ize and-isecan be found like in the words authorize and circumcise. The verb with –ize can be nominalized by suffix –ion changed into –ation at the end of the stem. On the other hand, the verb with –ise can be nominalized by suffix –ion changed into –ion at the end of the stem.

3. The verb form with alveolar t, s, and z, liquid l can be found like in the words abort, confess, infuse, and rebel. Those verbs can be nominalized by suffix–iondirectly without changing the stem.

4. The verb form with fricative vand nasal m andncan be found like in the words derive, acclaim, and explain. Those verbs can be nominalized by suffix –ion but changing the vowel in initial and middle position. At the end of the stem added by–ation.

From the four types of the verb forms, the writer found the allomorphs. They are allomorph –ion and allomorph –ation. An allomorph –ion occurs when it is added after alveolar consonants [t,s,z] and a liquid consonant /l/. An allomorph–

ation occurs when it is added after the suffix –ize, a fricative consonant /v/ and nasal consonants [m,n]. Based on the analysis, allomorph –ion is an allomorph which is more productive than allomorph –ation because there are three types of verb forms which ends in –ion after getting suffixation. Then the writer analyzed the data using three kinds of nominalization processes. They are insertion, replacement, and simple affixation. There are two types of the verb forms which are analyzed in insertion process; they are the verbs with –ize and the verbs with fricative v, nasal m and n. The verbs with –ise are analyzed by replacement process. The verbs with alveolar t, s, and z, liquid l are analyzed by simple affixation process.

Second is concerning the morphophonemic processes in the nominalization processes which occurs in suffix –ion. Based on the data the writer only found three processes from seven processes which are mentioned in Wardhaugh’stheory in chapter II. They are consonant change and vowel change, deletion, schwa epenthesis, and stress shift. In vowel change process there are three kinds of analysis, they are vowel to vowel, vowel to diphthong, and diphthong to vowel. The wordsexplain,inform, andobserveare analyzed by schwa epenthesis process. The last analysis in morphophonemic process is stress shift process. There are two kinds of stress shift processes. They are ante-penultimate to penultimate and ultimate to penultimate. Ante-penultimate is a stress on the third from the right

syllable. Penultimate is a stress on the second from the right syllable. Ultimate is a stress on the last from the right syllable. Ante penultimate to penultimate is the stress moves on the third syllable from the back in the verbs into the second syllable from the back in the nouns which have suffix –ion. On the other hand, ultimate to penultimate is the stress moves on the first syllable from the back in the verbs into the second syllable from the back in the nouns which have suffix–ion.

syllable. Penultimate is a stress on the second from the right syllable. Ultimate is a stress on the last from the right syllable. Ante penultimate to penultimate is the stress moves on the third syllable from the back in the verbs into the second syllable from the back in the nouns which have suffix –ion. On the other hand, ultimate to penultimate is the stress moves on the first syllable from the back in the

44

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Aronoff, Mark. Word Formation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1976.

Fromkin, Victoria, David Blair, and Peter Collins. An Introduction to Language Fourth Edition. Sydney: Hartcourt Australia Pty Limited, 2000.

Gleason, H. A.An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Henry Holt and Co, 1958.

Handono, Bibit Nur.A Synchronic Study on The Form of English Suffix –ion. An Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2007. Hornby, A S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Seventh

Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Kreidler, Charles W. A Course Book: The Pronunciation of English Second Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004.

Matthews, P. H. Morphology Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees-Miller. An Introduction to Contemporary Linguistics Fifth Edition. New York: Bedford/ St. Martin’s Press, 2005.

Onions, C.T., G.W.S. Friedrichsen, and R.W. Burchfield. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Perangin-Angin, Dalan Mehuli. A Morphological Study of The English Noun Suffix –ion. An Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2000.

Spencer, Andrew. Morphological Theory: An Introduction to Word Structure in Generative Grammar. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2003. Szymanek, Bodgan. Introduction to Morphological Analysis. Warzawa:

Wardhaugh, Ronald. Introduction to Linguistics Second Edition. New York: Mc.Graw_–Hill Book Company, 1977.

46 APPENDIX

Appendix 1: The List of Verbs which end in_–ate

No. Verb Noun

1. Abbreviate Abbreviation

2. Calculate Calculation

3. Decorate Decoration

4. Evaluate Evaluation

5. Federate Federation

6. Fluctuate Fluctuation

7. Generate Generation

8. Graduate Graduation

9. Hallucinate Hallucination

10. Illustrate Illustration

11. Legislate Legislation

12. Liquidate Liquidation

13. Lubricate Lubrication

14. Manipulate Manipulation

15. Motivate Motivation

16. Navigate Navigation

17. Nominate Nomination

18. Operate Operation

19. Participate Participation

20. Radiate Radiation

21. Simulate Simulation

22. Speculate Speculation

23. Tolerate Toleration

24. Terminate Termination

25. Translate Translation

26. Undulate Undulation

27. Violate Violation

Appendix 2: The List of Verbs which end in–ize/-ise

No. Verb Noun

1. Authorize Authorization

2. Canalize Canalization

3. Familiarize Familiarization

4. Globalize Globalization

5. Harmonize Harmonization

7. Liberalize Liberalization

8. Materialize Materialization

9. Militarize Militarization

10. Nationalize Nationalization

11. Normalize Normalization

12. Palatalize Palatalization

13. Realize Realization

14. Socialize Socialization

15. Unionize Unionization

16. Vocalize Vocalization

17. Westernize Westernization

18. Circumcise Circumcision

19. Excise Excision

20. Revise Revision

Appendix 3: The List of Verbs which end in alveolar t, s, and z, liquid l

No. Verb Noun

1. Abort Abortion

2. Affect Affection

3. Confess Confession

4. Conduct Conduction

5. Deduct Deduction

6. Discuss Discussion

7. Edit Edition

8. Exhibit Exhibition

9. Flex Flexion

10. Format Formation

11. Immerse Immersion

12. Induct Induction

13. Infuse Infusion

14. Miss Mission

15. Negate Negation

16. Object Objection

17. Obsess Obsession

18. Pass Passion

19. Perfect Perfection

20. Prevent Prevention

21. React Reaction

22. Rebel Rebellion

23. Reverse Reversion

Appendix 4: The List of Verbs which end in fricative v and nasal m and n

No. Verb Noun

1. Acclaim Acclamation

2. Derive Derivation

3. Explain Explanation

4. Inform Information

5. Lament Lamentation

6. Observe Observation