Review of Literatures REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL

language proposed by Coates, 2003, and also Miscommunication Between Women and Men Coates, 1992. Another difference is the data of this thesis taken of the recorded customers conversations at Warung Santai. Similar from the previous student thesis, both of these thesis explained about mens and womens linguistic features proposed by Lakoff, 1975. The second thesis from previous student is done by Ariyantini 2010 in her undergraduate thesis, Gender and Its Influence on The Language Used in Computer Mediated Communication discussed about language and gender with the influence of it. She also discussed specifically about the Ten Women Features which are proposed by Lakoff. In her thesis, the data were taken from posting in online discussion forum directly, this forum discussion named Crunchyroll Asian Fanatic Forum. The participants of that forum are all Asian, both women and men. The theories applied here were taken from Butler, 1990 the theory about Gender, by Coates, 1986 the theory of women style, also theory by Lakoff, 1975 theory of Women Features. She clearly analyzed that the ten features of women language are not absolutely occur in every single talk of women. Some factor such as the topic of the conversation, direct or indirect conversation, influence the occurrence or absence of the ten women features. Different from the previous student, this thesis certainly discussed about analyzed the customers conversation at Warung Santai using theory the linguistic features of women language proposed by Lakoff, 1975, the features of men language proposed by Coates, 2003, and also Miscommunication Between Women and Men Coates, 1992. Another difference is the data of this thesis taken of the recorded customers conversations at Warung Santai. Similar from the previous student thesis, both of these thesis explained about mens and womens linguistic features proposed by Lakoff, 1975. The third thesis from previous student is done by Bakarbessy 2011 in her undergraduate thesis, The Comparison of Mens and Womens Language in Top Four Hosts of America TV Talk Show in Twitter identifying the womens and mens linguistic feature and finding out the functions of such womens linguistic features. The data for this study used primary data that was directly taken from the twitter, in this case the top four America hosts twitter Oprah, Ellen DeGeneres, Jimmy Fallon, and Jay Leno. The secondary data that is used in this study adopted the theories which are proposed by Lakoff in Holmes 1992 and Lakoff, 1975. The theories applied in this study were the theory of women language proposed by Lakoff, 1975 and the other theory of mens linguistic features was proposed by Holmes, 1992. She clearly showed that the womens linguistic features found in the twitter include the use of lexical hedges or fillers, empty adjectives, intensifier so, super-polite form, and emphatic stress. Then, finding the mens linguistic features found in the twitter include the use of grammatical form and the use of impolite form like swearing word. Different from the previous student, this thesis certainly discussed about analyzed the customers conversation at Warung Santai using theory the linguistic features of women language proposed by Lakoff, 1975, the features of men language proposed by Coates, 2003, and also Miscommunication Between Women and Men Coates, 1992. Another difference is the data of this thesis taken of the recorded customers conversations at Warung Santai. Similar from the previous student thesis, both of these thesis explained about mens and womens linguistic features proposed by Lakoff, 1975. The last is one journal international from Holmes with title Hedges and Boosters in Womens and Mens Speech 1990. This international journal publish in 1990 and has name Language and Communication volume 10, number 3. The research contain about identified many of the features as characteristic of womens language, including hesitations, rising intonation, tag question, hedges and intensifiers, are linguistic devices which may be used to express epistemic modality or degrees or certainty about a proposition. She mention that speakers might use those devices when genuinely uncertain about the facts, or alternatively to mitigate the force of an utterance for the sake of politeness. Therefore, she claimed that women tend to use such devices for a third reason, namely, to express themselves tentatively without justification when the speaker is perfectly certain of the truth of the assertion, and theres no danger of offense, but the tag appears anyway as an apology for making an assertion at all. With reliable data base of speech collected to explore the technique in which native speakers of English express epistemic modality, she was examine Lakoffs claims about women language in at least some context. Moreover , she decide to explore in some detail the distribution of a number of linguistic forms in womens and mens speech. In her paper, she showed that she found some summarize, there are: 1. Tag question. 2. Three pragmatic particles usually regarded as hedges: sort of, you know and I think. 3. A pragmatic particle usually regarded as an intensifier: of course.

2.2 Concepts

The concepts consist of several parts that related with the topic that has been explained on title: Communication, Language, Concept of Womens Language, Concept of Mens Language, and Conversation.

2.2.1 Communication

According to Tannen, 1995, Communication is not as simple as saying what you mean. How you say what you mean is crucial, and differs from one language is learned behavior: how we talk and listen are deeply influenced by cultural expectations. Men speak differently from women. Between women and men bring the habit from childhood. They grew up in different situation, different society, and different expectation from people surrounding them. Those factors make women and men have different way when they are communicating each other.

2.2.2 Concept of Womens Language

Women language is a language which refers to women and politeness and to reflect on the reasons behind this relationship. According to Holmes, 1993 she formulates sociolinguistic universal on womens language as follow: 1. Women and men develop different patterns of language use. 2. Women tend to focus on the affective functions of an interaction more than men do. 3. Women pay more compliments than men, especially to other women. 4. Women tend to apologize more often than men. 5. Women tend to use linguistic devices that stress solidarity more often than men do. 6. Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase solidarity, while especially in formal context men tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase their power and status. 7. Women use more standard forms than men from the same social group in the same social context. 8. Women are statically more flexible than men.