Analysis of Womens And Mens Language in Customers Conversation at Warung Santai.

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ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S AND MEN'S LANGUAGE

IN CUSTOMERS CONVERSATION AT WARUNG SANTAI

INDRI NOVITA SARI

1218351006

NON REGULER PROGRAM ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURE AND SCIENCES

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For a few years pass, I have prayed to have something to be proud of. Eventually, I can finish make this thesis for one of my proud. First and foremost, I would like to thank to the Lord the Almighty for giving me strength in struggling to pass my educational years and patience to be able to finish this thesis on time.

On this occasion, I would like to express my deep gratitude and thanks to many people for their support, guidance, and encouragement that this thesis could be completed. In particular, I would like to express the deepest appreciation to Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum. as my first supervisor and I Wayan Mulyawan, S.S., M.Hum. as my second supervisor for guidance, passion, cooperation, and advise. Without them, this paper will not complete and finish.

In addition, my deep gratitude also to the Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. as Dean of Faculty Cultures and Sciences and I Gusti Ngurah Parthama, S.S., M.Hum as the Head of English Department and to Drs. I Gede Putu Sudana, M.A. as my academic supervisor, all of the tremendous lectures of English Department for their assistance and intentions in giving me priceless knowledge throughout my academic years of study, and all of staff members in Faculty of Cultures and Sciences for their persistent help.

I dedicated this thesis for my beloved family, my father Hariyanto, my mother Ni Nyoman Sudiasih, for the last but not least Irawati and all of my big family that always give me both support and material to finish this thesis. I also would like to thank to my beloved boyfriend I Gede Suwardiana Putra, SE. who always accompanied me to find the data source and gave me support and motivation with his love to finish this thesis. I also would like to thank to all members of my best organization HIMAPESI that teach me how to be a good

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person to handle event and acquaint a second family at campus, without them I would never understand how family can be obtained out of original relatives. I also would like to thank for all of 2012 classmate, especially my best friend, Angelika Arif Margiraharjo, I Wayan Adi Jayakusuma, I Gusti Ngurah Gita Pramana Putra, Putu Ismaya Syafitri, Luh Wulan Astarini, and I Gusti Agung Bagus Santa Putra that always gave me support and reminds me to finish this thesis with all of their help. The last but not the least, I also would like to thank to all of my friends in senior high school especially, Ayu Damayanti, S.Pd, Yus Setyawati, and Putu Indah Juliastri that always accompanied me to refresh my mind when I felt extremely stress. Without their support I will never finish this thesis.

Denpasar, March 2016

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ABSTRACT

This paper entitledAnalysis of Women's and Men's Language in Customers Conversationsat WarungSantai has aimed to identifying the women's and men's linguistic feature and finding out the functions of women's linguistic features in customers conversations at WarungSantai.

Communication, women and men language, and also conversation has been explains for the concepts in this thesis. The scope of this paper is limited only for analyzing of women's and men's language in customers conversations at WarungSantai. The total of customers conversation data were 10 for this thesis, but for analyzing it was only used 4 conversations as the data analysis. It because the 4 data were chosen has different topic compared to other.

The theories used in this thesis were the features of women language proposed by Lakoff(1975). Lakoff claimed in her book that women was characterized by linguistic features were: hedges, super polite form, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation, tag question, speaking in italics, empty adjective approval, use of implication, special lexicon, question intonation in declarative statements, sense of humor lacking, speak less frequently, indirect speech, avoid coarse language of expletives, and apologies. For the features of men's linguistic theory is proposed by Coates (2003). Coates stated that men was characterized by linguistic features there are: stereotypically masculine topic, men only, great attention on detail and elaborate to use of taboo words. Another theory used were the linguistic function of women's language proposed by Lakoff (1975) and the theory of miscommunication between women and men proposed by Coates (1986).

The result of analysis showed that women's linguistic features found in these customers conversation were: the use of tag question, the use of question intonation in declaratives statements, the use of apologies, the use of empty adjective approval, the use of lexical hedge, and the use of sense of humor lacking. The men features found in conversations were: the use of stereotypically masculine topic, the use of men only, the use of great attention on detail, one of the conversations also found about the theory of miscommunication between women and men such as men on the other hand jump from one topic to another. Men also used one of the women's linguistic features is hedge form. The end it is about the analysis linguistic function of women's language found in these conversation were: the function of lexical hedge in these conversations are to explain about the uncertainty about what she felt so the speaker said the word which consist with hedge. The function of using tag question in these conversations to show those conversations consist with yes no question and right statement. The function of using rising intonation is to emphasize the fact that found in those conversations. The function of using super polite form is to showing that women in these conversation well-known as delicate creature and tend to using super polite in their speech. As we know women are more polite than men in every single way. The function of using empty adjective approval is to explain admiration for something by the women's feeling in these conversations. The function of using emphatic stress in these conversations is showing judgment on something from someone to the other. The last one is function of using avoidance of strong swears words to shows the strength of emotion someone to something.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………... i

ABSTRACT ……….………. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS………. iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study……….. 1

1.2 Problems of the Study……….. 4

1.3 Aims of the Study………. 4

1.4 Scope of Discussion……….. 4

1.5 Research Method……….. 5

1.5.1 Data Source……… 6

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data……… 6

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data……….... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……….. 8

2.1 Review of Literatures……….. 8

2.2 Concepts………. 12

2.2.1 Communication……… 12

2.2.2 Concept of Women Language……….. 13

2.2.3 Concept of Men Language……… 14

2.2.4 Conversation………. 14

2.3 Theoretical Framework……… 14

2.3.1 The Features of Women Language………... 15

2.3.2 The Features of Men Language……….... 19

2.3.3 The Linguistic Function of Women Language……….. 21

2.3.4 Men vs Women Linguistic Behavior………... 24

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CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S AND MEN'S LANGUAGE

IN CUSTOMERS CONVERSATION AT WARUNG SANTAI…. 31

3.1 Overview……… 31

3.2 Analysis and Discussion………. 31

3.3 The Analysis of Women Linguistic Features………. 32

3.3.1 Analysis Conversation 1……….………. 32

3.3.1.1 Use of Tag Question……….……… 32

3.3.1.2 Use of Question Intonation in Declaratives Statements………….. 34

3.3.1.3 Use of Apologies……….………. 34

3.3.2 Analysis Conversation 2……….. 35

3.3.2.1 Use of Lexical Hedge……… 35

3.3.2.2 Use of Tag Question……….. 36

3.3.2.3 Use of Question Intonation in Declaratives Statements………….... 36

3.3.3 Analysis Conversation 3……… 37

3.3.3.1 Use of Lexical Hedge……….. 37

3.3.3.2 Use of Tag Question……… 38

3.3.3.3 Use of Empty Adjective Approval………... 39

3.3.3.4 Use of Sense of Humor Lacking……….. 40

3.3.3.5 Use of Apologies……….. 41

3.4 The Analysis of Men Linguistic Features……… 41

3.4.1 Analysis Conversation 1……… 42

3.4.1.1 Use of Stereotypically Masculine Topic………. 42

3.4.1.2 Use of Men Only………. 43

3.4.2 Analysis Conversation 2………. 43

3.4.2.1 Use of Miscommunication between Women and Men……… 44

3.4.3 Analysis Conversation 3………. 44

3.4.3.1 Use of Stereotypically Masculine Topic……….. 45

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3.4.3.3 Use of Great Attention on Detail………... 47

3.5 The Analysis of Function of Women's Linguistic Features………. 49

3.5.1 Analysis Conversation 1……… 49

3.5.1.1 The Function of Lexical Hedge……….. 49

3.5.1.2 The Function of Tag Question……… 50

3.5.1.3 The Function of Rising Intonation on Declaratives..………. 51

3.5.1.4 The Function of Super Polite Form……… 51

3.5.2 Analysis Conversation 2……….. 52

3.5.2.1 The Function of Tag Question………... 52

3.5.2.2 The Function of Rising Intonation on Declaratives………... 52

3.5.2.3 The Function of Empty Adjective……….. 53

3.5.2.4 The Function of Emphatic Stress……… 53

3.5.3 Analysis Conversation 3……… 54

3.5.3.1 The Function of Lexical Hedge……….. 54

3.5.3.2 The Function of Tag Question……… 55

3.5.3.3 The Function of Avoidance of Strong Swears Words……… 55

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION..……… 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Every communication certainly will use language indeed. Language itself can be described as a very important thing for people who need to communicate each other. Language also can be defined as a tool for communication. The language can have an important role in society, because with the language, relationship grows up directly. Based on Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1995), "Language is the system of sounds and words used by humans to express their thoughts and feelings, a particular way or style of speaking writing". The people can not life without language, because life needs language to keep their existence.

Conversation is the ways how people communicate and interact each other. In conversation people usually need to communicate each other by using language with many purposes, such as: asking question, giving information, having conversation, helping each other, and having gossip in their community. Conversation based on Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2010), "Informal talk involving a small group of people or only two".

Manser (2006) states that he divided the type of language in conversation itself can be into 2 groups. The first one is Informal Language, it usually defined as the language of ordinary or casual conversation, that is, a conversation between people who know each other and feel relatively unconstrained so that they do not

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have to be on their best behavior, linguistically speaking. In such circumstances, it is perfectly natural and right to use colloquial words and expressions and contractions and to take occasional liberties with grammar. The second one is Formal Language is usually defined as the language official conversation, that language agrees with the rules. The conversation feel relatively constrained and with best behavior.

Every person who gets conversations probably has more than one topic in their community. The type of the talk or genre that often discussed could be about meeting is like the conversation about the employee with the boss or the same employees talking about the development of their company. Another genre might be about academic is like the conversation between the student into another student also about the student with their teacher to talk about around the class or assignment. The other genre that would be the most is probably casual. In this case the topic could be everything, such as: sport, hobbies, society, entertainment, activities or soon. The causal genre conversation could be the same with gossip because in this case the topic not only about the same situation, but it could be jump from the one topic to the other topic.

Sociolinguistics is interesting in explaining why we speak differently in different social context, and also concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning (Holmes, 1992:1). Sociolinguistic itself also be considered as the study of all aspect about society, because in sociolinguistic is focusing to explain about how language and society can have a good relation to make perfect each other. Based on (Coates, 1986),

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sociolinguistic studies reveal that linguistic variation is not random but structured: structured linguistic variation us a direct consequence of the structured social variation found in the speech community. The structure social variation found in the speech community can be explaining use more than one way.

The person who communicates each other could be men or women. As we know men and women use different style and way in communication. The phenomenon occurs because between men and women, they grow up in different conditions that make different expectation, treatment from their close people.

Women and men speak differently in any community and recently sociolinguistics has begun to pay attention to the co-variation of language and sex. Sexist language is concerned with the way language expresses both negative and positive stereotypes of both women and men (Holmes, 1992:336).

The customers can described as person who visited some restaurants, hotels or other place to enjoying the facilities, food, or everything indeed. Customers at Warung Santai are women and men. Both of them use different patterns of language to communicate each other in their conversation.

The phenomenon about the differences between women and men language in conversation is really interesting to observed and analyze. The first reason is because this topic about analyzing conversation by customer has not been discussed by previous students. In the other reason analyzing the women and men language in conversation is very interesting to do, because the people in this world both women and men always talk different style with their partner or their friends.

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The topic they are discussed could be general topic or especially topic about something.

1.2 Problems of the Study

Based on the background that has been explained, the problems of this study are formulated as follows:

1. What kinds of linguistic features are used by women's and men's language in customer's conversation at Warung Santai?

2. What are the linguistic functions of women's language in customer's conversation at Warung Santai?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Women and men have a different ways to using language in conversation. This study would like to identify how the way women and men's can be differentiated by the customer's conversation at Warung Santai. The aims of this study are:

1. To find out what kinds of linguistic features are used by women's and men's language in customer's conversation at Warung Santai.

2. To find out what are the linguistic functions of women's language in customer's conversation at Warung Santai.

1.4 Scope of Discussion

Based on the problems which have been mentioned above, the scope discussion in this study focuses on sociolinguistic study because it consists with

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the society data and take the main point about linguistic features and the linguistic function of women's and men's language in customer conversation at Warung Santai. The discussion limits only in order to get points of sociolinguistic study about the features and women linguistic function to avoid mistake by uncontrolled discussion.

1.5 Research Method

Research method is the most important step when we want to conduct a scientific research. Methodology is the way or procedure that is used in order to examine certain objects. It is the way or process and amount of procedures how to research approaches the problems to find the answer through the finding, collecting, and analyzing the data.

Qualitative research method is used in this research. According to Cresswell (2002) "Qualitative is an inquiry approach in which the inquirer: analyzes and codes the data for description and themes, interprets the meaning of the information drawing on personal reflection and past research, and writes the final report that includes personal bases and a flexible structure".

To conduct a research, there are some methods applied in the process of finding, collecting and analyzing the data, such as: recording the conversation and observing. The research method in this study deals with three parts namely: Data Source, Method and Technique of Collecting Data, and Method and Technique of Analyzing Data. All of those are presented in detail below.

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1.5.1 Data Source

In the process to get valid and reliable data, the data of this study was taken from observing and recording of the customer's conversation between men and men, men and women, and the last between women and women at Warung Santai. Amount the data of this is study were 10 conversations with mix person. The customer's of Warung Santai are totally friendly. The location of Warung Santai is at Toyaning street no.21 Kedonganan.

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The methods applied on this research were observing and recording the conversation to the customer's at Warung Santai. The recording data is a method of collecting data by recording the conversation and for observing method is listening and analyzing the customer's conversation at Warung Santai. The duration to collecting the data were from November 2015 until January 2016.

The techniques of collecting data of this study were presented as follows: The first one is preparing the tool (handphone) to recording the conversation at Warung Santai. The second one is ask of permission to the owner of Warung Santai. The third one is asking the permission to the customer. The fourth is recording the customer's conversations at Warung Santai, women and women, women and men, men and men. The fifth one is listening carefully the conversation of the customers.

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1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

This study was given description about analyzing the customer's conversation at Warung Santai. The analyzing was about the most linguistic features and the linguistic function of women and men language used in their conversation. The data were analyzed based on theories about the features of men and women language proposed by (Lakoff, 1975) and (Coates, 2003) and the function of women linguistic features proposed by (Lakoff, 1975).

Some steps in analyzing data of this study presented as follows: First, listening the customer's conversation at Warung Santai. Second, choose four between ten customer's conversations that related to the topic. Third, write the customer's conversation to analyzing. Fourth, categorize the customer's conversation related to the linguistic features of women's and men's language proposed by (Lakoff, 1975) and (Coates, 2003). Fifth, analyzed the function of the women's linguistic features proposed by (Lakoff, 1975) and using theory of Miscommunication Between Men and Women (Coates: 1986) if required.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Review of Literatures

Review of literatures is chapter about reviewing three theses from previous student and one international journal related to the topic of this research. In this section the step to analyzing previous thesis and comparing with our thesis. This step needed to make our thesis different into other thesis and to minimize the similarity and to avoid plagiarism.

There are four studies which gave valuable input in conducting this study, such as three undergraduate theses from the previous students, and one journal international.

The first thesis from previous student is done by Agustini (2008) in her undergraduate thesis, "The Politeness Use of Women and Men Languages in Lintas Wisata Tour and Travel" analyzing the politeness differences between men and women language and also the features of each language. In this thesis, the data of this study cosists of formal correspondence emails about ticket and hotel reservation at Lintas Wisata Tour and Travel from 01 May 2008 until 30 June 2008. The theories applied here were used from (Lakoff, 1975) about the features of women language and by (Coates, 1986) about the women's and men's style, and also using the theories about Politeness Maxim proposed by (Leech). She clearly discussed the most different feature between women and men written language using the data from a few emails to the Lintas Wisata Tour and Travel. Different from the previous student, this thesis certainly discussed about analyzed the customer's conversation at Warung Santai using theory the linguistic features of women language proposed by (Lakoff, 1975), the features of men

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language proposed by (Coates, 2003), and also Miscommunication Between Women and Men (Coates, 1992). Another difference is the data of this thesis taken of the recorded customer's conversations at Warung Santai. Similar from the previous student thesis, both of these thesis explained about men's and women's linguistic features proposed by (Lakoff, 1975).

The second thesis from previous student is done by Ariyantini (2010) in her undergraduate thesis, "Gender and It's Influence on The Language Used in Computer Mediated Communication" discussed about language and gender with the influence of it. She also discussed specifically about the Ten Women Features which are proposed by Lakoff. In her thesis, the data were taken from posting in online discussion forum directly, this forum discussion named Crunchyroll Asian Fanatic Forum. The participants of that forum are all Asian, both women and men. The theories applied here were taken from (Butler, 1990) the theory about Gender, by (Coates, 1986) the theory of women style, also theory by (Lakoff, 1975) theory of Women Features. She clearly analyzed that the ten features of women language are not absolutely occur in every single talk of women. Some factor such as the topic of the conversation, direct or indirect conversation, influence the occurrence or absence of the ten women features. Different from the previous student, this thesis certainly discussed about analyzed the customer's conversation at Warung Santai using theory the linguistic features of women language proposed by (Lakoff, 1975), the features of men language proposed by (Coates, 2003), and also Miscommunication Between Women and Men (Coates, 1992). Another difference is the data of this thesis taken of the recorded customer's conversations at Warung Santai. Similar from the previous student thesis, both of these thesis explained about men's and women's linguistic features proposed by (Lakoff, 1975).

The third thesis from previous student is done by Bakarbessy (2011) in her undergraduate thesis, "The Comparison of Men's and Women's Language in Top Four Hosts

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of America TV Talk Show in Twitter" identifying the women's and men's linguistic feature and finding out the functions of such women's linguistic features. The data for this study used primary data that was directly taken from the twitter, in this case the top four America host's twitter (Oprah, Ellen DeGeneres, Jimmy Fallon, and Jay Leno). The secondary data that is used in this study adopted the theories which are proposed by Lakoff in Holmes (1992) and (Lakoff, 1975). The theories applied in this study were the theory of women language proposed by (Lakoff, 1975) and the other theory of men's linguistic features was proposed by (Holmes, 1992). She clearly showed that the women's linguistic features found in the twitter include the use of lexical hedges or fillers, empty adjectives, intensifier (so), super-polite form, and emphatic stress. Then, finding the men's linguistic features found in the twitter include the use of grammatical form and the use of impolite form like swearing word. Different from the previous student, this thesis certainly discussed about analyzed the customer's conversation at Warung Santai using theory the linguistic features of women language proposed by (Lakoff, 1975), the features of men language proposed by (Coates, 2003), and also Miscommunication Between Women and Men (Coates, 1992). Another difference is the data of this thesis taken of the recorded customer's conversations at Warung Santai. Similar from the previous student thesis, both of these thesis explained about men's and women's linguistic features proposed by (Lakoff, 1975).

The last is one journal international from Holmes with title "Hedges and Boosters in Women's and Men's Speech" (1990). This international journal publish in 1990 and has name "Language and Communication" volume 10, number 3. The research contain about identified many of the features as characteristic of women's language, including hesitations, rising intonation, tag question, hedges and intensifiers, are linguistic devices which may be used to express epistemic modality or degrees or certainty about a proposition. She mention that speakers might use those devices when genuinely uncertain about the facts, or alternatively to

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mitigate the force of an utterance "for the sake of politeness". Therefore, she claimed that women tend to use such devices for a third reason, namely, to express themselves tentatively without justification when "the speaker is perfectly certain of the truth of the assertion, and there's no danger of offense, but the tag appears anyway as an apology for making an assertion at all.

With reliable data base of speech collected to explore the technique in which native speakers of English express epistemic modality, she was examine Lakoff's claims about "women language" in at least some context. Moreover , she decide to explore in some detail the distribution of a number of linguistic forms in women's and men's speech. In her paper, she showed that she found some summarize, there are: 1). Tag question. 2). Three pragmatic particles usually regarded as hedges: sort of, you know and I think. 3). A pragmatic particle usually regarded as an intensifier: of course.

2.2 Concepts

The concepts consist of several parts that related with the topic that has been explained on title: Communication, Language, Concept of Women's Language, Concept of Men's Language, and Conversation.

2.2.1 Communication

According to (Tannen, 1995), "Communication is not as simple as saying what you mean. How you say what you mean is crucial, and differs from one language is learned behavior: how we talk and listen are deeply influenced by cultural expectations". Men speak differently from women. Between women and men bring the habit from childhood. They grew up in different situation, different society, and different expectation from people

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surrounding them. Those factors make women and men have different way when they are communicating each other.

2.2.2 Concept of Women's Language

Women language is a language which refers to women and politeness and to reflect on the reasons behind this relationship.

According to (Holmes, 1993) she formulates sociolinguistic universal on women's language as follow:

1. Women and men develop different patterns of language use.

2. Women tend to focus on the affective functions of an interaction more than men do.

3. Women pay more compliments than men, especially to other women.

4. Women tend to apologize more often than men.

5. Women tend to use linguistic devices that stress solidarity more often than men do.

6. Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase solidarity, while (especially in formal context) men tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase their power and status.

7. Women use more standard forms than men from the same social group in the same social context.

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2.2.3 Concept of Men's Language

According to (Coates, 1986) she said, there are three characteristic of men's language: overlap, interruptions, and dominance. Overlaps it means are instances of slight over-anticipations by the next speaker: instead of beginning to speak immediately following current speaker's turn, next speaker begins to speak at the very end of current speakers turn, overlapping the last word. Interruptions could be violations if the turn taking rules of conversation. Next speaker begin to speak while current speaking is still speaking, at a point in current speaker's turn which could not be defined as the last word. Dominance is in a condition when male speaker is speaking to female speaker, male speaker tends to dominate the conversation.

2.2.4 Conversation

According to Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2010) conversation itself has meaning an informal talk involving a small group of people or only two. People can talk about some gossip, rumor, trending topic issues, exchange information, or sharing their experiences. It could be good or bad topic depends by person to other person.

2.3. Theoretical Framework

To support the analysis of this study, it is important to adopt a theoretical basis. Some theories regarding the principle of understanding the types of differences happen in both women and men languages were dealt with. Considering that the analysis will base on sociolinguistic point of view, some theories regarding the difference applied.

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Lakoff in her book "Language and Woman's Place" in 1975 claimed that there were certain features of women's language that gave the impression women are weaker and less certain than men.

There are features of women's language by Lakoff:

1. Hedges, e.g. you know, short of, well, you see

Lakoff mention that there are a number of linguistic features were evidence of a confident speaker. It can be divided into two groups. For the first, there are linguistic devices including lexical hedges, tag question, question intonations, super polite forms, and euphemisms. Hedging devices explicitly signal lack of confidence. Women use hedging devices to express uncertainty. For the second, there are boosting devices including intensifiers and emphatic stress. Boosting devices reflect the speaker's anticipation that the addressee may remain unconvinced and therefore supply extra reassurance. Women use boosting devices to persuade their addressee to take them seriously. It purposes to get attention from the addressee especially men so that they will be heard. Women are commonly use you know, sort of, well, you see in their statements that show lexical hedges or filters often be used.

2. Super-polite Form, e.g. indirect request, euphemisms

Women are supposed to speak more politely than men. This is related to the hypercorrectness in grammar, since it is considered more mannerly in middle-class society to speak "properly". Women are the expert at euphemism; more positively, women are repositories of fact and know the right things to say to other people, why men are carelessly

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confused and say what they are thinking. Women are supposed to be particularly careful to say "please" and "thank you" and to uphold the other social conventions.

3. Hypercorrect Grammar and Pronunciation

Hypercorrect grammar is related to the politeness in utterance and aloofness of the relationship between the speaker and addressee. Women avoid to using "ain't" or double negatives.

4. Tag Question, e.g. she's very nice, isn't she?

Lakoff proposes that a tag is used in midway between an outright statement and yes-no question. A tag question is used when speaker is stating claim, but lacks full confidence in the truth of that claim. Woman is uncertain about something, and indicates this with a tag which signals doubt what she is asserting. The tag appears anyway as an apology for making an assertion at all. Anyone may do this if she lacks self-confidence, as everyone does in some situations.

5. Speaking in Italics, e.g. so and very.

Lakoff states, in communication women tend to using stress or high intonation for emphasis. It is also use to hedge on one's feelings as well to show strong emotions. Intensive adverbs also can be used to strengthen an assertion.

6. Empty Adjective Approval, e.g. divine, charming, sweet, adorable

The use of empty adjectives is to show the speakers approbation or admiration of something. Lakoff claims that if a man using these terms he appears more feminine as it damage his masculine prestige. Empty adjectives used properly only in the case that the

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speaker feel the idea referred to is essentially frivolous, trivial, or unimportant to the world at large-only amusement for the speaker herself.

7. Use of Implication, e.g. it's cold in here, isn't it, shut the window

Lakoff stated women using this terms because they do not feel the authority to give orders. Some women might felt afraid to express their feeling in general discussion or in their daily activities, it could be the reason this terms used by women.

8. Special Lexicon, e.g. purple or blue women would say 'lilac' or 'violet'

Lakoff proposed that such words are trivial and evidence of the fact that women have been allowed control over unimportant things. Every women's in this world love to say everything on their mind, but still using their politeness.

9. Question Intonation in Declarative Statements, e.g. 'Dinner's in half an hour'?

There is a peculiar sentence intonation patterns, which has the form of a declarative answer to a question, and is used as such, but has the rising inflection typically of a yes-no question, as well as being especially hesitant. The effect is as though one were seeking confirmation, though at the same time the speaker may be the only one who has the requisite information. This feature is probably part of the general fact that women language is much more "polite" than man. Women try to leave a decision open, not imposing other's mind, or views, or claims on anyone else.

10. Sense of Humor Lacking

Lakoff argued that women do not joke as much or understand jokes. It means that a few of women is not like men that loving joke. The sense of humor in women becomes important thing to evaluate how women are.

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11. Speak Less Frequently

In the fact men speak more than women, proves that women less certain of themselves, even thought some people believe that women more like to speak, therefore the researcher proved in their observation men more tend to speak with many topic. Women only speak about what they thing important and required.

12. Indirect Speech, e.g. 'Wow, I'm thirsty'.

The use of this term to explain about what women's feeling, it could be the way women to speak. Women sometimes afraid to speak to the point to other people, and they choose to using indirect speech to give other people the meaning of what they say. For example 'wow, I'm thirsty' it means that she exactly ask for some drink.

13. Avoid Coarse Language of Expletives

Women in this world well-known as delicate creature and tend to using super-polite form in their speech. It could be the reason why women avoid coarse language of expletives.

14. Apologies, e.g. 'I'm sorry, but I think that'

Women apologize more than men do, it’s the fact. Apologies are inexorably related to the concept of politeness. As we know women are more polite than men, it could be the reason why women do apologies more than men.

2.3.2 The Features of Men's Language

Women and men different in any aspects, as we know they have different mind to show what they want to show it. Different with women, men's language is more evincing their toughness, competitiveness, independence, competence, hierarchy and control.

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Coates (2003) investigated conversation among groups of men with different ages and belonging to different social classes, however they have commonalities in which gender is constructed. The conversation involved only male gender. She indentifies four of the characteristics of men's language:

1. Stereotypically Masculine Topics.

When two or more men gather and start to conversation, their topic is not far from masculinity, such as: dealing with cars, modern technology, drinking, and travel. Might be they also talk about some business. The masculine topics are usually talks about general topic.

2. Men Only.

In the conversation between men and men, there would be only men. The topic in conversation might be about their life story, how good another man in achieving something to be natural men's conversation. The absence of women and other women's related matter is highlighted as a disturbing aspect of hegemonic masculinity in that maintains an ideology where men are all important and women are all invisible.

3. Great Attention on Detail.

Coates said that men had a propensity to pay attention to detail in their conversation. A story of man struggling to get away from two bad guys will be a lot more than just punching, kicking, stabbing or else, but short of explaining the whole detail of place, smell and atmosphere of the scene.

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The folk linguistic believe that men swear more than women and use more taboo words is widespread. It is heard masculine to use taboo words. These words seem to be created for men to use, and only men. However, the usage of taboo words in particular drops dramatically in mix sex conversation.

Based in Coates, the characteristics all intended to accomplish dominant value of masculinity, which include emotional restrain, ambition, achievement and competitiveness. Coates explains how sometimes alternative masculinities expressing, for example: vulnerability are voiced, but these are silenced by peer pressure. She also argued that hegemonic masculine discourses are homophonic and misogynistic and tend to avoid self-disclosure.

2.3.3 The Linguistic Functions of Women's Language

In the other hand, Lakoff also proposed the function of women linguistic features, there are:

1. Hedges.

The function of hedges in women's speech, such as:

1. To mitigate the possible unfriendliness or unkindness of a statement that is, where it is used for the sake of politeness

2. To show speaker's uncertainty about what she is staying, or cannot vouch for the accuracy statement.

3. As an apology for making an assertion, because the speaker does not want to assert herself strongly. In other words, hedges are used to weaken the strength of assertion.

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Tag question in conversation has aimed to:

1. Give the addressee freedom, not forcing him or her to go along with the speaker.

2. Make small talk, trying to elicit conversation from the addressee.

3. Ask one's opinion in polite way in discussing personal feeling.

4. Avoid asserting herself in strong way thereby to avoid coming in conflict with the addressee.

3. Rising Intonation on Declaratives.

Rising intonation on declaratives is used when the speaker seeking for confirmation, though at the same time the speaker may be the only one who has the requisite information.

4. The Use of Empty Adjectives.

The use of empty adjectives is to show the speaker's approbation or admiration for something.

5. The Use of Precise Color Terms.

Women use the precise color terms because it is related to their specific interest. When women prefer to use the precise color term it intends to show that she is good in their own field.

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Hypercorrectness in grammar is related to the politeness in utterance and aloofness of the relationship between the speaker and addressee. Once uses hypercorrect grammar to show politeness and at the same time create the distance to the addresses.

7. The Use of Intensifiers.

The use of this term is more frequent in women than men language, though certainly men can use it.

8. Super-polite Form.

Super-polite form is related to the hypercorrectness in grammar. It is often suggested that politeness be developed by societies in order to reduce friction in personal interaction.

9. Avoidance of Strong Swears Words.

The difference between using strong swears words lies in how forcefully one says how one's feels choice of particle is a function of how strongly one allows oneself to feel about something, so that the strength of the emotion conveyed in a sentence corresponds to the strength of the particle.

10. The Use of Emphatic Stress.

The use of emphatic stress is to emphases one's judgment on something. Women who are concerned more one feelings and effective functions use emphatic stress to show the positive politeness to the addressee.

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2.3.4 Men vs Women Linguistic Behavior

According to (Holmes, 1992) that men and women speak not exactly the same way. The use of linguistic variation in language is closely related to the sex of the speaker. She said at least four different explanations were suggested. The first appeals to the social class and its related status for explanation. The second refers to women role in society, the third to women status as a subordinate group, and the last to the function of speech on expressing masculinity.

1. The social status explanation.

Women use more standard speech form than men because they are more status-conscious than men. Women are more aware of the fact that the way they speak signals, their social class background or social status in community. Standard speech form is generally related with high social status. Women use more standard form as a way of claiming status. Women generally lack of status in society, it is suggested, and some try to acquire by using standard speech form and reporting that they use even more of these form than they actually do.

2. Women role as guardian of society value

Women as designated the role of modeling correct behavior in the community. It is certainly not true at all, some example from the interaction between a mother and her child are likely to be very relaxed and informal, and it is in relaxed informal context that vernacular forms occur most often in every speech. Standard form is typically associated with formal and less personal interactions.

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3. Subordinate group must be polite

In the society women are categorized as subordinate group. Women must avoid offending men and they have to speak more politely than men. Women do not use standard forms only in order to protect their "face", but also to respect people whom they are talking to. It is consistent with the fact about women sensitivity to their addressees.

4. Vernacular forms express machismo

Standard forms tend to be associated with female value and femininity. Some linguists have pointed to the association of standard forms with female teachers and the norms they impose in the classroom with the suggestion that the boy may reject this female domination, and the speech forms associated with it, more strongly than girls. A preference for vernacular forms may be reaction to what is perceived as overly influential female norms. Vernacular forms that being learned since we were children usually used by the men to express masculinity and toughness. The converse of this claim is because standard form is identified with female values and femininity and have more prestigious rather than the vernacular forms.

2.3.5 Miscommunication between Women and Men

Based on (Coates, 1986), she said that women and men have different characteristic when they have miscommunication in their conversation, as the follow:

1. In all-women groups, women often discuss one topic for half an hour or more; they share a great deal of information about themselves and talk about their feelings and their relationships.

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2. Men on the other hand jump from one topic to another, vying to tell anecdotes which centre around themselves, but compete to prove themselves better informed about current affairs, travel, sport.

3. The management of conversation also differs significantly between women's and men's groups. Women are careful to respect each other's turns and tend to apologies for talking to much.

4. Members of all-women groups are concerned to everyone should participate and dislike any one person dominating conversation.

5. Men in all-men groups, by contrast, compete for dominance and over time establish a reasonably stable hierarchy, with some men dominating conversation and others talking very little.

6. Individual men frequently address the whole group, while individual women rarely do, preferring an interpersonal style involving one-to-one interaction.

Maltz and Borker (1982) in Coates have analyzed some of the ways in which these differences could cause miscommunication in mixed conversation, there are:

1. The meaning of questions.

Questions seem to have a different meaning for women and men. Women use question more than men, they use them as part of a general strategy for conversational maintenance: questions are speech acts which require a subsequent speech act - an answer - so using questions is a way of ensuring that a conversation continues. It seems that men, by contrast, interpret questions as simple requests for information.

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When a speaker takes a turn into in conversation, she or he can begin by explicitly acknowledging the contribution of the previous speakers and can then talk on a topic directly connected with what has gone before. In mixed conversation, this means that women become resentful at having their comments ignored, while men will miss the cut and thrust of conversations played according to their rules.

3. Topic Shifts.

Shifts between topics tend to be abrupt in all male conversations, whereas women typically build on each other's contributions, so topics are developed progressively in conversation and topic shift occurs gradually. Elaboration and continuity are key notions in any analysis of women's talk, but are irrelevant to an understanding of men's talk.

4. Self-disclosure.

Women tend to see conversation as an opportunity to discuss problems, share experience and offer reassurance and advice. In this respect, all women conversations are therapeutic. For men, the discussion of personal problems is not a normal component of conversation. Men therefore respond to another speaker's disclosure as if it were a request for advice. They do not respond by bringing up their own problems, but take on the role of expert and offer advice, often lecturing the other speakers.

5. Verbal Aggressiveness.

Loud and aggressive argument is a common feature of speech in all male groups: such arguments often focus on trivial issues and are enjoyed for their oen sake. Women, however

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try to avoid displays of verbal aggressiveness, they find such displays unpleasant and interpret them as meant personally. For women, such displays represent a disruption of conversation, whereas for such displays represent a disruption of conversation, whereas for men they are part of the conversational structure of conversation.

6. Interruption.

Interruption - that is, talk by another speaker during current speaker's turn - are a normal part of relaxed informal conversation between equals. Women frequently interpolate remarks, offer enthusiastic comments, as well as nodding and making minimal responses (mhm, yeah) during another speaker's turn. In the context of all-women interaction, such behavior is not seen as an attempt to deny the current speaker the right to complete her turn, but as evidence of active listenership. Men's interruptions, on the other hand, seem to have as their goal the seizing of a turn and before they are perceived as an attempt to deny the current speakers right to complete a turn.

7. Listening.

In conversation, participants have two main roles, as speakers and listeners. The evidence from all women groups is that women value highly the role of listening. They use many minimal responses, they do not interrupt in the sense of preventing a speaker from finishing a turn and they actively encourage others to speak. Men on the other hand seem to construe conversation as a competition where the aim is to be speaker. This means that their conversational strategies involve trying to seize a turn whenever possible, and then trying to hold on to it.

These areas of potential miscommunication arise directly from the different overall styles, of women's and men's conversations. Women tend to organize their talk

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co-operatively, while men tend to organize their talk competitively. These different modes of organization entail different conversation rules. In particular, women and men differ in their expectations of what constitutes a normal component of conversation, of how conversation should progress, of how important it is to respect current speaker's right to finish a turn

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