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message. Media has two components: hardware and software. Hardware is the machinery or devised used to produce or to present a message. Some examples of
hardware are film projector, tape recorder, record player, etc. Software is the material that are transmitted through the hardware, software includes some items
such as film, audiotapes, transparancies, etc. Another definition by Gerlach and Ely 1980:241 media are any
persons, materials, or events that establish conditions, which enable learners to acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Thus, media are any instructional aids
that are used as communication media in the purpose of increasing the effectiveness of teaching and learning process. In Teaching the media, Len
Masterman as quoted by David Lusted 1991:187 argues forcibly that media education is one of the few instruments which teachers and students possess for
beginning to challenge the great inequalities in knowledge and power which exist between those who manufacture information in their own interests and those who
consume it innocently as news and entertainment.
2.2.1 Types of Media
There are some classifications of media according to Anderson as quoted by Rumampuk 1988:23, they are:
1 Audio sound only
Audio media are systems for sendingreceiving sound electronically over wires or through the airwaves. Audio maybe live or prerocorded and maybe
broadcast over open or closed transmission systems. Some of the examples are audio tape, audio disc, radio etc.
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2 Printed material
Printed material are usually opaque, paper-based materials suitable for individual use. They have characters, numerals, and words and may contain
pictures and illustrations. Some of the examples are handouts, manual pamphlets, brochures, newspaper, and magazine.
3 Audio Print
Audio print is combination of audio and printed materials. Some of the examples are audio tape or disc, film, and charts.
4 Projected still visual
Pictures provide for most people critical contacts with the real world. Some of the examples are slide, film strips that is supported by verbal recording.
5 Audio projected still visual
It is combination between projected still visual and audio. Some of the examples are film strips with sounds, and slides with sounds.
6 Motion-visual
It is only visual without audio. Some of the examples are some films without voice.
7 Audio motion visual
It serves every conceivable subject and objective, providing motion, magnification, color, sound, music, acces to the inaccessible, and presentation
of the factual and fanciful. Some of the examples are motion pictures, motion film, and video.
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8 Physical objects
Object media are multidimensional and can activate senses not easily stimulated by other media. Some of the examples are actual objects, mocks-
up or models of real things. 9
Human and situational resources Some of the examples are the teachers, and the school environment.
10 Computers
Computers are high-speed electronic calculators that are capable of storing, retrieving, and modifying information according to sets of precise
instructions called programs. Some of the examples are CAI-CMI Computer Assisted Instruction, Computers and various terminal display
equipment. Murcia 2001:462 assists another classification of media available to
classroom today. It uses the traditional classification of “nontechnical” and “technical”media. It has some advantages such as the low cost, availability,
accessibility, and user-friendless.
2.2.2 General Uses of Media
