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52
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS
This chapter contains findings or answers of the research questions that have been stated in the chapter I. As mentioned in chapter I, there are three
questions stated in the research questions. Therefore, this chapter is divided into three subchapters. The first subchapter explains the types of the proccesses
employed in the text I and text II. The second subchapter discusses the ways of the processes applied in the texts. The last one describes the reasons of the
processes applied in those texts.
A. Types of Processes Employed in the Text
According to Halliday, experiential meaning which is represented in the transitivity system has three main types of processes. They are material process,
mental process, and relational process. Other types of process might be found in transitivity system are behavioral process, verbal process, and existential process.
Behavioral process occurs on the borderline between material and mental process. Verbal process is on the borderline between mental and relational process. The
last one is existentsial process which occurs on the borderline between the relational and material process 1994: 106. However, it is not all of those
processes applied in the texts of this research.
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There are some differences occur in the text I and text II related to the type and the number of processes. In order to make the description clear, the
researcher separates it into different part in analyzing types of processes. It is realized as the explanation below:
1. Text I
There are six types of processes which are employed in the texts I. They are verbal behavior process V.B.P, material process Ma.P, mental behavior
process M.B.P, attributive relational process A.R.P, mental process Me.P, and identifying relational process I.R.P. The number and precentage of each
procces can be seen as in table 4.1 below: Table 4.1: Types of processes employed in the text I
No Type of
processes Clause number
Numbers Procentage
1.
2.
3.
4. V.B.P
Ma.P
M.B.P
Me.P 2a, 2b, 8, 13, 19, 31a, 40, 41, 42,
46a, 46c, 48a, 50a 3, 7b, 9, 10, 11, 17b, 18b, 37a, 38b,
48c, 48d, 50b 7a, 17a, 18a, 25b, 25c, 39c, 39d,
44, 46b, 48b, 59, 60 15, 31b, 36a, 38a, 39a, 43, 45, 47,
49 13
12
12
9 20.6
19
19
14
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5. 6.
I.R.P A.R.P
4, 20, 21, 22, 25a, 26, 51, 52, 56 5, 29, 32, 35, 36b, 38b, 39b, 58
9 8
14 12, 7
Total 63
100
Based on table 4.1 above, it can be seen that the biggest number of processes used in the text I is verbal behavior process 20.6. The second
biggest numbers of processes are mental behavior process and material process shared in same percentage 19 . Then they are followed by mental process and
identifying relational process 14 . And the last one is attributive relational process 12.7 .
In the transitivity system, each process has different function in revealing experiential meaning of a clause in the text. In this text, the domination of verbal
behavior process shows that the participant applies more dominant attitude. It shows that the participant employs the combination of material process and verbal
process in order to show his attitude or his thought toward the issue. It is done by using verbal activity in doing the action. In order to make clear, each type of
process which is used in the text I will be explained in the following explanation
as figured below: a
Verbal behavior process
It has been stated that verbal behavior process is the biggest number of processes applied in this text I 20.6. This process is applied in 13 clauses.
Some verbal groups which realized in; saying, has been billed, don’t oppose, am
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opposed, let me clear, let’s send, and let’s fight, are used to reveal the experiential meaning of the participant by using verbal activity and physical action to show his
attitude in responding the issue. The examples can be seen in the underlined words at this clause 2,
“Let me begin by saying that although this has been billed as an anti-war rally
”. In this clause, we can see that behaver, Barack Obama, uses verbal behavior process
of saying to open his speech. What Barack Obama said is verbiage. The verbiage in this clause also contains verbal behavior process. The verbal phrase has been
billed shows that there is a process of using verbal activity through a physical action. In this clause, Barack Obama reveals his experiential meaning of has been
billed toward something his speech which is recognized by the people as an anti- war rally.
In other examples, Barack Obama uses verbal behavior process to show his thoughts directly toward war by stating his statement. It can be seen in clause
8, 13, 19, and 40. In this case, Barack Obama is showing his attitude directly by saying
“I don’t oppose all wars”. In this statement, he shows his position in responding war. He states that he is not in opposition to all wars. It
means that there are some particular wars that he opposes to. For instance, it can be seen in clause 41, by using verbal behavior process, he states about the war
he opposes to. “I’m opposed to dumb war”, this statement shows about kind of
war that he opposes to. He shows his experiential meanings about what he calls as a dumb war to be the object that must be opposed. Those statements are examples
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of the use of verbal behavior process which are applied by Barack Obama to show his attitude directly.
Verbal behavior process is also used by Barack Obama as a starting point to give emphasis before he provides following explanation about his
statement. It can be seen in clause 31 ”Now let me be clear...”. Based on the
clause above, it shows that Barack Obama uses verbal behavior process to build atmosphere before he shows his thoughts. It is needed to reach the focus of the
hearers before he gives the statements. On the other hand, verbal behavior process is used by Barack Obama to
invite or persuade the hearers to follow as his thoughts. It can be seen in the clauses 42, 46a, 46c, and 48a. Those processes are indicated by verbal
groups such as; “Let’s send” and “let’s fight”. In this case, Barack Obama invites
the agreement of the audiences to do something as their action.
b Material process
The second dominant process in this text is material process 19. Material process indicates physical action of the participant or happening. In this
text, the physical action is employed more than happening. The physical action is employed with nine clauses 3, 7b, 9, 10, 17b, 18b, 37a, 48c, and
50b while the happening is only employed with three clauses 11, 37b, and 48d.
The process of physical actions in this text are indicated by employing some verbal groups such as; stand, drive, signed up for, fought, to hunt down, to
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root out, to prevent, can be contained, stop oppressing, and to wean. All those verbal groups indicate that there are actions done by the participants. Meanwhile,
the happening processes are indicated by the verbal groups such as; from happening, fall away, and grow up. All those verbal groups indicate about the
events or happenings happened. Both the physical actions and happenings are used by Barack Obama to tell story or give information. For the example, the
verbal group “signed up for” in clause “my grandfather signed up for a war the
day after Pearl Harbor was Bombed ”. Based on the clause, we can get the
information about what Barack Obama ’s grandfather did after Pearl Harbor was
bombed.
c Mental behavior process
It has been stated that the second dominant process is also mental behavior process with the same percentage 19. Mental behavior process
indicates the combination of mental process and material process. It means that mental behavior process uses mental activity in doing the physical action. The use
of this process is indicated by employing some verbal groups such as: could begin to, supported, would willingly take up, to distract, to make sure, ought not, and
should allow. Those mental behavior processes can be seen in the clause 7a, 17a, 18a, 25b, 25c, 39c, 39d, 44, 46b, 48b, 59, and 60. Based on
all of the verbal groups above, we can see that mental activity is done through physical actions. It indicates the experience of the participants when they do
physical action with still concerning to the mental or psychological activity.
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In term of participant, the behavers of those proc esses mostly are “I”
Barack Obama. It means that Barack Obama used mental activity through physical action in order to show his behavior or attitude toward war. For instance,
the process “supported” in clause “I supported this administration’s pledge”. Based on the clause, we can see that there is a process of consciousness that is
being represented by Barack Obama as forms of behavior in order to show his attitude. Barack Obama shows his attitude
by supporting the administration’s pledge. In this case, he reveals his experiential meaning in supporting to the
decisions made by the administration in responding the issue.
d Mental process
The next process employed in this text is mental process 14. This process is realized in clause 15, 31b, 36a, 38a, 39a, 43, 45, 47, and
49. Mental process is a process which employs mental activity such as; process of sensing perception, thinking cognition and feeling affection. The verbal
groups used by the writer to show the psychological action in this text are witnessing, know, and want. Based on those verbal groups above, we can see that
the writer used mental activity of perception witnessing, cognition know, and other sub-types of mental process want. Meanwhile, the process of felling
affection does not occur in this text. All the mental processes employed in this text give information to the audience about the psychological action of the
participant. For instance, it can be seen in the clause “witnessing the carnage and
destruction”. Based on the clause above, we can see the participant give us
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information that he uses mental activity in the term of perception in witnessing the bloodshed and ruin.
e Identifying relational process
The next process applied in this text is identifying relational process 14. Identifying relational process is a process of giving value toward
something. In this text, identifying relational process mostly is used to give value toward war. It can be seen in the clauses 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 51, and 52.
In those clauses, Barack Obama gives values toward war. He explains what kind of war he is going oppose to. For instances, it can be seen in the clause 20 and
21 “what I am opposed to is a dumb war” “what I am opposed to is a rash
war”. In this case, Barack Obama reveals his experiential meaning of the war he opposes to by giving value like what he calls dumb war and rash war.
f Attributive relational process
The last process used in this text is attributive relational process 12.7. This process is realized in clause 5, 29, 32, 35, 36b, 38b, 39b, and
58. Attributive relational process is a process giving attribute toward something. In this text, attributive relational process is used to give attribute toward Saddam
Hussein as in clause 32, 35, and 36b. One of the example is “He is a brutal
man”. Besides, attributive relational process is also used to give attribute toward the invasion of Iraq as we can see in the clause 29, 38b, and 39b. In the
clauses above, Barack Obama gives attribute toward the war against Iraq will require a US occupation of undetermined length, at undetermined cost, with
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undetermined consequences. He also states that an invasion of iraq without reason and international support will fan the flames of the middle east.
It has been stated before, ttransitivity system includes not only the process and participant itself, but also the circumstances around the happening or
the process. According to Riyadi Santosa, circumtance is physical and non- physical process environment covering the process Santosa, 2003:87. It is
realized by adverbial pharse. In the text I, there are seven types of circumtances; location of place, location of time, accompaniment, manner of quality, cuase-
behalf, role and matter. The number of each circumtance applied in the text can be seen as in table 4.2 below:
Table 4.2: Types of circumstances applied in text I
No Types of
circumstances Clause number
Number Percenta
ge
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
Cir: location. Place Cir: location. Time
Cir: accompaniment Cir: manner. Quality
Cir: cause. Behalf Cir: role
7b, 25b, 25c, 37b, 48b 9, 18b, 31a
34, 39b, 48d 43, 46c, 50b
11, 41 4
5 3
3 3
2 1
27.8 16.7
16.7 16.7
11.1 5.5
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7. Cir: matter
37a 1
5.5
Total 18
100
Based on table 4.2 above, we can see that the biggest number of circumstances used in this text is location of place 27.5. This type of
circumstance is indicated in some phrases, for example from our soil, into the dustbin history, in the Middle East, etc. They show the places where the process
or event happens. The second dominant circumstances are location-time, accompaniment,
and manner-quality. Those circumstances share in the same number 16.7. The circumstance of location-time is used to describe the time when the process or
event happens. In this text, this circumstance is indicated with the phrases such as; the day after Pearl Harbor was bombed, and now. The circumstance of
accompaniment functions to accompany its participant in a process. In this text, this circumstance realized in without him, without a clear rationale, without
strong international support, without education, without prospect, without hope etc. This circumstance is used as additional information toward process and giving
emphasis to accompany the participant. The circumstance of quality-manner indicates in respect of any variable that makes sense. In this text, this
circumstance realized in through effective coordinated, vigorously, through an energy policy etc.
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The next circumtance is cause-behalf 11.1. Some phrases represent this circumtance are in the name of a larger freedom and for those of us. This
circumtance shows for the entity or person on whose or for whose sake the action is undertaken. In this case, this circumtance is used to show on behalf for what
Barack Obama ’s father fought clause 10 and for the sake of whose we as
behaver send a clear message to the president 41. The smallest percentages number of circumstances used in this text are
role and matter 5.5. The circumstance of role describes the role or position of participant in the process. In this text, it can be seen in the phrase as someone who
is not opposed to war in all circumstances. This circumstance above shows Barack Obama
position’s toward war. It explains the processes before by the role that he is someone who is not in opposition to all wars. Meanwhile, the
circumstance of matter refers to the matter of a process. In this text, this circumstance is realized in
“in concert with the international community”. It shows about the matter of the process tell about.
2. Text II
There are seven types of processes which are employed in the text II. They are attributive relational process A.R.P, mental behavior process M.B.P,
mental process Me.P, verbal behavior process V.B.P, identifying relational process I.R.P, material process Ma.P and verbal process V.P. The number
and precentage of each process can be seen as in table 4.3 below:
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Table 4.3: Types of processes applied in text II
No Type of
processes Clause number
Numbers Procentage
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. A.R.P
M.B.P Me.P
V.B.P I.R.P
Ma.P V.P
6a,11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 27, 28b, 3 15, 6b, 7, 10a, 32, 33, 34, 35
2, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28a 1, 3, 8, 9, 17, 38
14, 18, 22, 37 4, 20, 30
10b, 29 9
8 7
6 4
3 3
22.5 20
17.5 15
10 7.5
7.5
Total 38
100
Based on table 4.3 above, we can see that the biggest number of processes employed in the text II is attributive relational process 22.5. Then it
is followed by mental behavior process 20, mental process 17.5, verbal behavior process 15, identifying relational process 8, material process and
verbal process 7.5. The dominant use of attributive relational process in the text shows that the process of giving attribute toward something is used more by
the speaker than other processes. It means that Barack Obama as the speaker does the process in his speech by concerning to give attribute toward something. The
function of each type of process is explained as below:
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a Attributive relational process
In this text, attributive relational process firstly is used to give attribute to Barack Obama
’s statement in his beginning speech. It can be seen in clause 6a. The verbal group have made realized in I have made it clear that shows that there
is a process of giving attribute clear toward carrier it by attributor I Barack Obama. The carrier it in the clause refers to the statement that has been stated by
Barack Obama in the previous statement. He tries to give emphasis toward his statement by giving attribute clear in purpose to make audiences understand about
his statement. The next attributive relational process applied in this text can be seen in
clause 11. The verb are in these accusations are patently false and absurd shows that Barack Obama gives attribute toward the accusations which has been
stated in the previous clauses. By using attributive relational process, Barack Obama explains that those accusations are incorrect and unreasonable. In this
case, Barack Obama shows his opinion toward the accusations which are delivered by some Iranian government to United States concerning to the protest
over the Iran election. Besides, Barack Obama still uses attributive relational process to show his opinion toward the accusations as realized in the clause 12.
In this clause, Barack Obama shows his argument that those accusations are only the real attempt to distract people from what is truly happened in Iran.
In clause 15, Barack Obama applies attributive relational process to give attribute toward his speech in the general based on the situation in Iran and
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the problems that have been being faced. From the clause, this is about the people of Iran, we can see that Barack Obama tries to give emphasis that his speech is for
the sake of Iran people. His speech is about Iran people and the problems they face. The similar function concerning to the use of attributive relational process
also occurs in clause 31. The verb have in the clause the Iranian people have universal right to assembly and free speech shows that Barack Obama argue that
Iranian people also have universal right to build his country and have free speech about Iran’s future.
Attributive relational process is also used by Barack Obama to explain about the situation and the effect of Iranian protest over the Iran election. It can be
seen in clause 19 and 27. In clause 19, Barack Obama gives his opinion by describing the situation that in 2009, there is no iron fist strong enough off the
world from bearing witness to the peaceful pursuit of justice. Meanwhile in clause 27, Barack Obama describes the loss and death as the raw and painful. He gives
attribute raw and painful in order to show that the effect of crisis in Iran is very terrible.
b Mental behavior process
The second dominant process applied in this text is mental behavior process 20. This process in the transitivity system is used to show the process
of mental activity done through the physical action. It indicates the experience of the participants when they do physical action with still concerning to the mental or
psychological activity. Some verbal groups realized this process are; mourning,
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respect, must bear witness to, are trying to avoid, must respect, heed, and must govern. Those processes can be seen in clause 5, 6b, 7, 10a, 32, 33, 34,
and 35. In this text, mental behavior process is applied firstly in clause 5. The
verb mourning in clause in mourning each and every innocent life that is lost shows that there is a process using mental activity through the physical action.
Before this process, the participant “I”, refers to Barack Obama, uses material
process that tells his physical action by joining the American people in mourning of the innocent people that is lost. Based on the process, Barack Obama shows
how he uses his mental activity in the verb mourning to describe his feeling through his physical action for showing his disapproval toward the cruelty that
causes many innocent people dead. It means that mental behavior is used by Barack Obama to describe his feeling and his action to against the cruelty.
The second process of mental behavior is used in clause 6b. The verb respect is used to show the mental activity of his esteem. In this process also
contains some physical action as the consequence of his attitude. Commonly, the person who respects to something, he or she will show the physical action as the
consequence of what he respects to. In this case, Barack Obama respects to sovereignty of the Islamic Republic of Iran. As the consequence, Barack Obama
will not interfere to the Iran’s affair. It also has been stated in clause 6b.
The next mental behavior process is used in clause 7 of this text. The verbal groups which are realized in this clause, must also bear witness to, is as the
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additional explanation in describing Barack Obama ’s statement stated in the
previous clause. In this case, Barack Obama states his attitude through mental activity and physical action toward the phenomenon. He uses his perception in
doing the action toward the situation happened in the Iran. In this clause, Barack Obama also persuades the audience to follow his attitude as he performed. It can
be seen in the participant “we” as the behaver in this process. It means that Barack
Obama does not only show his attitude but also try to persuade the audience as the action in applying mental behavior process.
The other mental behavior processes are applied in clause 10a, 32, 33, 34 and 35. The verbal groups realized in these clauses are are trying to
avoid, seeks, must respect, heed, and must govern. In clause 10a and 32, mental behavior process is used by Barack Obama to give information about the
action of Iranian government which is also still concerning to the use of mental activity in doing the physical action. It is realized by applying the Iranian
government as the behaver. Meanwhile in clause 33, 34, and 35, Barack Obama gives the information what the Iranian government has to do in regarding
to the phenomenon. It can be seen in the use of verb and modality such as must respect, heed, and must govern.
c Mental process
The third dominant process applied in this text is mental process 17.5. In this text, mental activities used in this process are affection process of feeling,
perception process of sensing, and cognition process of thinking. The
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processes of feeling affection realized in this text are represented by applying the verb such as; have been appalled, outraged and have experienced realized in
clause 2 and 26. The processes of sensing perception are represented in the verb; have seen realized in clause 23, 24 and 25. Meanwhile, the process of
thinking cognition is only represented the verb know in clause 28a. The process of feeling affection is does not used in this text.
In this text, mental process is used by Barack Obama to show how he uses his mental activity in looking upon the phenomenon happened in Iran. Most
of those mental processes are used by Barack Obama to describe how the Iranian people face the cruelty and unjust treatment. In this case, Barack Obama uses
mental process is not only for himself but also for representing the general participant as the senser. It can be seen in the sensers of those mental processes
such as the international United States and the international community, and we.
d Verbal behavior process
The next process applied in this text is verbal behavior process 15. Some verbal group which represent this process are such as would like to say,
condemn, deplore, are trying to have, can speak, and will judge as realized in clause 1, 3, 8, 9, 17, and 38. Verbal behavior process firstly is used by
Barack Obama to begin his speech and deliver what he is going to talk about the situation in Iran. It is represented by the verb would like to say as realized in
clause 1. The next function, this process is also used by Barack Obama to show his attitude using verbal activity in doing the physical action. It can be seen in this
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process which is represented by some verb such as condemn and deplore. Besides, this verbal behavior process is also used to describe the other behaver, the Iranian
people, in doing the action by using verbal activity.
e Identifying relational process
The next process applied in this text is identifying relational process 10. In this text, this process can be seen in clause 14, 18, 22, and 37.
The verbs which represent this process are is and is not. This process is used by Barack Obama in giving value toward something. As the function of identifying
relational process, Barack Obama uses this process to identify something. For example, the verb is not in cluse this is not the United States and West shows that
token this is being identified by the value the United States and West. In this case, Barack Obama gives value toward this, as the token, by identifying that this,
which refers to the situation in Iran, is not like in his country United States in specially and Western country in generally. In the general, identifying relaitonal
processes which are applied in this text are used by Barack Obama to give value toward the effects of crisis by identifying the situation in Iran.
f Material process
The next process is material process 7.5. In this text, material process is used by Barack Obama to describe the physical action and happening. Some
verbs realized in this process are join, have made, and never succeds in making go away. The verbs join is used to describe the physical action of Barack Obama in
joining with American people in order to show his thought about the cruelty
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happened in Iran. Meanwhile, the verbs have made and never succeds in making go away represent the happening happened in Iran. The verb have made is used by
Barack Obama to describe tha happening a bout the Iranian Goverment’s efforts in
describing the situation in Iran. Then the verbs never succeds in making go away is used by Barack Obama to describe the situation that suppresing ideas never
succeds in making the Iranian people go away.
g Verbal process
It has been stated that verbal process is also the small process applied in this text with the same precentage as material process 7.5. There are two
verbal phrases used in this text to represent verbal process. They are by accusing and said as we can see in clause 10b and 29. These processes are the pure
processes of saying. The „sayer’ of these processes are the Iranian people and
Barack Obama. In clasue 10b, the Iranian people are accusing the United States and other countries of instigating protests over the election. Meanwhile, the
process of saying given by Barack Obama can be seen in clause 29. The verb said in as I said in Cairo shows that Barack Obama has done process of saying.
What Barack Obama said called verbiage is explained in following process in the next clause.
It has been stated before that there are three basic components realized in the transitivity system. They are the process, participant and the last
circumstance. In thext II, there are seven types of circumtance. Those circumtances are location of time, location of time, manner of quality, manner of
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means, cause of behalf, cause of concession, and matter. The types and number of those circumstances can be seen as in table 4.4 below:
Table 4.4: Types of circumstances applied in text II
No Types of circumstances
Clause number Number
Percentage
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. Cir: location. Place
Cir: location. Time Cir:manner. Quality
Cir:.manner Means Cir:cause. Behalf
Cir: cause. concession Cir: matter
1, 8, 13, 29 2,13,19
3, 11, 18 20, 35
17 20
1 4
3 3
2 1
1 1
26.7 20
20 13.2
6.7 6.7
6.7
Total 15
100
Based on table 4.4 above, we can see that the highest number of circumstances used in the text II is circumstance of location-place 26.7. In this
text, this circumtance is realized by, in Iran, anywhere that it takes, and in cairo. They are used to show the place where the process or happening is undertaken.
For example, the phrase in Iran which is realized in clause 1 shows the place
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where the process of environment is undertaken. In this case, Barack Obama provides information about the place where the environment of the process
happens. The next circumtance is location-time 20. This circumatance is
indicated by the phrase of the last few days,anymore and in 2009. They are used in this text to show the time when the process or happening is undertaken. In this
case, Barack Obama shows the time clearly when the process or happening is done by the participant. For example, the phrase of the last few days realized in
clause 2 shows the time of the cruelty ever happened in Iran. The next circumtance applied in this text is circumstance of manner-
quality 20. This circumtance is represented by some adverbials such as; strongly, and patently. This circumtance express how the participant does the
process. For example, the adverb strongly which is realized in clause 3 shows how Barack Obama gives emphasis to what he has stated in that clause. We can
see that Barack Obama expresses the quality of his attitude by saying strongly before he says his statement.
The next circumtance used in this text is circumstance of manner-means 13.2. This circumtance is represented by two phrases as follow; through cell
phones and computers and through consent. Those phrases are started by the preposition through in order to show the means whereby a process takes place. In
this case, those circumtance shows with the phones and computers Iranian
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goverment efforts to expel journalist and isolate itself and how they must consent in governing.
The last circumtance shared with the small numbers are matter, cause- behalf and cause-concession 6.7. Those circumstances realized in this text are
only one clause of each circumstance. The circumstance of matter is represented by phrase about the situation as realized in clause 1. This circumtance shows the
matter of the process, it is about situation or condition happen in Iran. Then, circumstance of cause-behalf applied in this text is represented by for themselves
as in clause 17. This circumstance shows the entity in term of people which the process is undertaken for them, it shows by the pronoun themselves. The last is
circumstance of cause-concession. This circumstance is realized by the phrase despite the Iranian
government’s effort to expel journalist and isolate itself as represented in clause 20. The prepositional phrase despite realized in the clause
above shows that there is concession to its process.
B. The Ways of the Processes Applied in the Texts