A COMPARISON OF EXPERIENTIAL MEANING ANALYSIS IN THE TRANSCRIPT OF BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHESABOUT IRAQ WAR AND IRAN ELECTION CRISIS

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A COMPARISON OF EXPERIENTIAL MEANING ANALYSIS IN THE

TRANSCRIPT OF BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHES ABOUT IRAQ WAR AND IRAN ELECTION CRISIS

(A Study Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For Sarjana Sastra Degree from English Departement

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By:

MUHAMMAD SYAFI’I AL HAMID C0306036

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA 2011

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iv Name : Muhammad Syafi’i Al Hamid NIM : C0306036

Hereby, I declare that this thesis entitled “A Comparison of Experiential Meaning Analysis in the Transcript of Barack Obama’s Speeches about Iraq War and Iran Election Crisis (A Study Based on the Systemic Functional Linguistics)” is originally composed by myself. The people’s work or statements are written in quotations.

If in the future, it is proven I cheat; I am ready to take responsibility even withdrawing of my academic title.

Surakarta, 30 May 2011 The researcher

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“No mountain too high when there is a will, it’s just how to take a first step”

-Hamid-

“jangan pernah bergantung pada motivasi dari orang lain, karena memotivasi diri sendiri itu lebih ampuh and berguna”

-Hamid-

“ tujuan bukan yang utama, yang terpenting adalah prosessnya” -Iwan Fals-

“It is not enough to know what to say, but it is necessary to know how to say it”

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I DEDICATE THIS THESIS WHOLEHEARTLY

TO MY BELOVED MOM AND DAD

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

SENTRAYA BHUANA

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Alhamdulilahirahirabil’alamin, all praises and thanks to Allah S.W.T, the Almighty God, for the blessing and guidance so that this thesis could be accomplished. There were many difficulties I faced in accomplishing this thesis. Nevertheless, due to the supports and helps from the people surrounding me, finally I could finish this thesis. Hence, I would like to express my deep gratitude from my heart to:

1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D as the dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, my thesis supervisor, and also my academic supervisor. Thanks for the guidance, assistance, and advice during my study and in accomplishing my thesis.

2. Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A., as the head of English Department. Thanks for giving approval to this thesis to be examined.

3. All the lecturers of English Department who have taught me, thanks a lot for the valuable knowledge given for me. Hopefully, it will be beneficial for me and other people.

4. My family thanks a lot for the advices, supports and endless love for me. Especially, my beloved mom and dad who always pray me all the night. You are the best and I am very happy having both of you.

5. My beloved Sentraya Bhuana and friends, thanks for the unforgotten experiences, adventures, and many things I got with you. You drove me into craziest time, wandering the wild world. Keep wandering brothers,,,

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bima, lala, rizki, wisnu, jabat, mo’onk, dila, vendra, hanif, and also the other friends that I could not mention one by one, I will be missing you, I love you all.

7. All my friends in ‘Graha Ukm FSSR’. Thanks for everything, it’s a nice moment to remember when we ever had many times to discuss, chat, joke and laugh together. Sorry, I still could not be a good ‘Lurah Ukm’ for you.

8. Thanks also for every one who had helped and supported me to finish this thesis.

I have tried maximally to accomplish this thesis. But, I realize that this thesis is still far from perfect. Hence, all suggestions are welcomed for the sake of me and also the subject of the studies.

The researcher

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ix

TITLE ... i

APPROVAL BY THE THESIS CONSULTANT ... ii

APPROVALS BY THE THESIS EXAMINERS ... iii

PRONOUNCEMENT ... iv

MOTTO ... v

DEDICATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEGMENT ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ... xii

ABSTRACT ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Research Background ... 1

B. Problem Statement... 3

C. Research Objectives ... 5

D. Research Questions ... 6

E. Research Benefits ... 6

F. Scope of the Research ... 7

G. Thesis Organization ... 8

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 9

A. Barack Obama ... 9

B. Iraq War ... 11

C. Iran Election Crisis ... 13

D. Speech and News Conference ... 15

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E. Systemic Functional Grammar ... 19

F. Text and Context ... 20

G. Metafunctions ... 23

H. Ideational Meaning ... 25

I. Transitivity ... 26

1. Process and Its Participants ... 27

1) Material Process ... 28

2) Mental Process ... 29

3) Relational Process ... 30

a) Attributive relational process ... 31

b) Identifying relational process ... 31

4) Behavioral Process ... 32

a) Verbal behavior process ... 32

b) Mental behavior process ... 32

5) Verbal Process ... 33

6) Existential Process ... 33

2. Circumtances ... 34

3. Extra Causer ... 39

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 42

A. Research Design ... 42

1. Research Paradigm ... 42

2. Research Method ... 43

a) Research Location ... 43

b) Sampling ... 44

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xi e) Data Analysis46

f) Procedure Data Analysis 51

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS ... 52

A. Types of Processes and Circumstances Employed in the Texts52 1. Text I ... 53

2. Text II ... 62

B. The Ways of the Processes and circumstances Employed in the Texts ... 73

1. The Relation of the Processes Applied in the Texts ... 74

2. The Comparison of the Use and Function of the Processes ... 86

C. The Reasons of the Processes Employed in the Texts ... 94

1. Text ... I94 2. Text II ... 97

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 103

A. Conclusion ... 103

B. Recommendation ... ... ... 107

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 110 APPENDICES

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xii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

List of figures

Figures 2.1: Language as the realization of social context ... 22

Figures 3.1: The flow of analysis of the study ... 47

List of tables Table 1.1: Examples of analyzing processes in texts ... 4

Table 3.2: Examples of the kinds of processes applied in the texts ... 49

Table 4.1: Types of processes employed in the text I ... 53

Table 4.2: Types of circumstances applied in the text I ... 60

Table 4.3: Types of processes applied in the text I ... 63

Table 4.4: Types of circumstances applied in the text II ... 71

Table 4.5: Types of processes and their function in the text I ... 74

Table 4.6: Types of processes and their function in the text I ... 80

Table 4.7: The comparison of the processes applied between text I and text II ... 87

Table 4.8: The comparison of the function of processes applied in the texts ... 88

Table 4.9: Three functions of verbal behavior processes applied in the text I ... 96

Table 4.10: Two function of attributive relational processes applied in the text II ... 98

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xiii ABSTRACT

MUHAMMAD SYAFI’I AL HAMID. C0306036. 2011. A Comparison of

Experiential Meaning Analysis in the Transcript of Barack Obama’s Speeches about

Iraq War and Iran Election Crisis.

This research focuses on the experiential meaning analysis of Barack Obama’s speeches about Iraq War and Iran election crisis which are analyzed in a comparison analysis. The objectives of the research are to find out the types of processes employed in the texts, the ways of processes employed in the texts, and the reasons of the processes employed in the texts. The research belongs to the qualitative research and also descriptive method. This research applied purposive sampling to select the source of data and also applied total sampling technique to collect the data. It was done because the data were taken from all major clauses of the texts. The source of the data were taken from the transcript of Barack Obama’s speeches about Iraq War given on October 2002 in The Federal Plaza in Chicago and the Iran election crisis given in a news conference on June 23, 2009. The data was analyzed using transitivity system and compared by using componential analysis to find the differences and similarities between text I and text II. Finally, having analyzed and seen the relationship both the texts, the researcher found up the cultural values supported by the secondary data.

Having analyzed the texts using transitivity system, the researcher concluded that there are different types of processes and their ways applied in the texts. The findings show that the differences occur in the use of the processes and their functions. The dominant process applied in text I is verbal behavior process. Then it is followed by mental behavior process, material process, mental process, identifying relational process and attributive relational process. Meanwhile, the dominant process applied in text II is attributive relational process. Then it is followed by mental behavior process, mental process, verbal behavior process, identifying relational process, material process and verbal process.

The dominant use of verbal behavior process in text I functions to show more attitude of Barack Obama in responding Iraq War. Besides, there are two other processes used by Barack Obama to show his attitude; mental behavior process and mental process. The other processes are used to support verbal behavior process in expressing the experiential meaning of Barack Obama toward Iraq War. On the other hand, the dominant use of attributive relational process in text II functions to give information about the condition and situation related to the crisis in Iran. There is only small attitude that can be seen through the processes applied in text II. Finally, Barack Obama tends to emphasis in showing his attitude of disapproval in text I. Meanwhile, in text II he only focuses on describing about the condition of Iran Crisis.

The similarities occur in term of circumstances. The circumstances, location of place and time, applied in both texts. The similar circumstances are influenced by the topic of the speeches. Both the speeches talk about the war and brutality. Consequently, the description about location where the events taken place, and time when the events happened often occur to accompany the processes in both texts.

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Systemic Functional Linguistics (abbreviated as SFL) was developed by M.A.K Halliday in 1960s. SFL is a part of social semiotic approach to language. It views language as a foundation of the building of human experiences and as a system of meaning. There are three general meanings that are constructed in each text; ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. Those systems are known as metafunctions which work in lexicogrammar rank. In the social context, it has general functions such as; to enact our social relationships, to represent our experiences to each other, and to organize our enactments and representation as meaningful text (Martin & Rose 2003: 6).

Ideational meaning is one of three systems realized in the metafuctions. Ideational meaning functions to construct mental picture in the people’s mind about the reality of what is going on. It is classified into two, experiential meaning dealing with the experiences as inter-related part of a whole and logical meaning used to connect the experiences. In clause rank, experiential meaning is represented by the transitivity systems. Meanwhile, logical meaning can be analyzed through the clause systems and group systems (Halliday, 1994: 101).

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Experiential meaning is used to understand the reality by construing the events or happenings. In the context of situation, experiential meaning focuses on the institutional activity which is done by the people. It means that it works in ‘field’ area of the context of situation. It figures three participants or elements which construct the happenings or events. The first one is processes which happen, the second one is participants who are involved in the happenings, and the last one is circumstances which encase the happenings.

Since the experiential meaning is used to understand the social events or happenings in the reality, we examine the processes which occur in text which are produced by the people as a semiotic approach to language. The term of text here, in the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), it is not only written text in the small sense, but also spoken text. The term text is used in linguistics to refers to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole (Halliday and Hasan, 1976).

As stated above a text can be analyzed by transitivity system, the researcher is interested in using transitivity system to analyze the experiences represented in the texts which are taken from Barack Obama’s speeches. The reason why the researcher took Barrack Obama’s speeches is due to those speeches are phenomenal. Many people assume that his speeches have huge impact and get much attention in social life of the world. Hence, the researcher would like to find out the experiential aspect which is applied in the Barack Obama’s speeches. The researcher would like to know the processes applied in

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the speeches, how the processes are employed and why the processes are employed.

B. Problem Statement

Distributing a message or meaning through text can be applied on story, essay, song, or even on a speech. Speech is used by the speaker to deliver the message in front of many people. Speech can be used as a media for showing the attitude or thought of the speaker toward something. It can also be used for persuading the hearers to do something as the speaker wants.

The message of the speech can be seen by analyzing the processes and other elements in the transitivity systems of ideational meaning. We can know what the speaker thinks about an issue, how the speaker affects the hearer to have same opinion or to do something, and finally we can understand what the speaker intends to.

Related to what the researcher has stated above, Barack Obama is the 44th and current president of United States who has affected many people by his speeches. Most of his speeches get much attention from the hearers. Hence, the researcher is interested in observing the processes occur in two of his phenomenal speeches. The first one is the speech about Iraq War. This speech conducted on October 2002 in the Federal Plaza, Chicago. In this speech Barack Obama showed his thought about war, especially in the Iraq War. In this case, the researcher wants to know the processes employed in the speeches, how Barack Obama employed those processes and why Barack Obama employed those processes in his speeches in order to know the cultural values and the effects to society. The

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following examples are some of the processes employed by Barack Obama in showing his attitude toward war.

“I don't oppose all wars. What I am opposed to is a dumb war. What I am opposed to is a rash war”.

We can analyze those texts by using transitivity to know the processes occur as the tables below:

Tables1.1: Examples of analyzing process in texts

I don’t oppose all wars

Behaver Verbal. Behavioral. Process Phenomenon

What I am opposed to is a dumb war Token Iden. Rel. Pro Value

What I am opposed to is a rash war Token Iden. Rel. Pro Value

From the tables above, we can see that Barack Obama uses verbal behavior process in order to show his attitude about war. After showing his attitude through verbal behavior process, Barack Obama uses identifying relational process to give the next explanation about the previous statement. In this case, we can see that identifying relational process occur two times after verbal behavior process. In the transitivity system, identifying relational process is a process in giving entity toward something. If we take a look to the text,

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course he has a particular purpose by employing identifying relational process in two times. In this case, we need to analysis the text as a whole in order to know why he used those processes. Each process which is used has a purpose and could not be separated from the other processes in creating a meaning as a whole. Besides, we need also the additional information related to the theme as a secondary data in order to support the finding cultural values.

For a comparison, the researcher took another speech given by Barack Obama at Egypt’s prestigious Cairo University in downtown Cairo, Egypt, on June 2009. The speech was delivered by Barack Obama in a news conference concerning about the situation since the Iran election crisis began. In this case, the researcher wants to know whether there is any different process employed by Barack Obama in both speeches, especially in responding about the issue happened in two conflicting countries through this research entitled “A Comparison of Experiential Meaning Analysis in the Transcript of Barrack Obama’s Speeches about Iraq War and Iran Election Crisis”.

C. Research Objectives

Based on the problem statement above, the objectives of the research are to describe the experiential meaning of each text and to compare the experiential meaning of the Barack Obama’s speeches about Iraq War and Iran Election crisis. They are written down in three points below:

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1. To find out the comparison of processes and circumstances employed by Barack Obama both in his speech about Iraq War and Iran election crisis.

2. To find out the ways of the processes and circumstances employed in Barack Obama’s speeches about Iraq War and Iran election crisis. 3. To find out the reasons why Barack Obama uses those processes

both in his speech about Iraq War and Iran election crisis.

D. Research Questions

The research contains some questions dealing with the experiential meaning. The questions proposed in this research are:

1. What processes and circumstances are employed by Barack Obama both in his speech about Iraq War and Iran Election Crisis?

2. How are the ways of the processes and circumstances employed in both his speech about Iraq War and Iran Election Crisis?

3. Why does Barack Obama use the processes by Barack Obama both in his speech about Iraq War and Iran Election Crisis?

E. Research Benefits

There are some benefits of this research that can be proposed by the researchers into three points below:

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1. This research is aimed to know what the experiential meaning occurs behind the speech of Barack Obama both in the speech about Iraq War and Iran Election Crisis.

2. This research is important to give better understanding of experiential meaning as a part of ideational meaning as one of the other functions in the metafunctions.

3. This research is presented as reference for other researchers and steak-holder for the sake of linguistic studies especially in Systemic Functional Linguistic Studies.

F. Scope of the Research

This research focuses to examine the experiential meaning in the two speeches given by Barack Obama. The first speech is about Iraq war given on October 2002, in The Federal Plaza, Chicago and the second one is about the situation since the Iran election crisis given in a news conference on June 23, 2009.

Since the Ideational meaning consists of experiential meaning and logical meaning, in order to limit the research and detail research, the researcher focuses on the experiential meaning represented by transitivity system. This research also focuses on the major clauses in the transcript of the speeches due to only the major clauses which can be analyzed using transitivity system.

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G. Thesis Organization

This research is systematically written according to thesis organization which consists of five chapters:

CHAPTER I involves INTRODUCTION. It consists of the Research

Background, Problem Statement, Research Objectives, Research Questions, Research Benefits, Scope of the Research and Thesis Organization.

CHAPTER II involves LITERATURE REVIEW. This chapter covers Barack

Obama, Iraq War, Iran Election Crisis, Speech and News Conference, Text and Context, Systemic Functional Grammar, Metafunctions, Ideational Meaning, and Transitivity.

CHAPTER III involves RESEARCH DESIGN. This chapter covers Research

Paradigm, Research Location, Sampling, Data and Source of Data, Data Validity, Data Analysis, and Procedure of Data Analysis.

CHAPTER IV involves FINDINGS. It covers The Types of Processes Employed

in the Texts, The Way of the Processes Employed in the Texts, and The Reasons Why the Processes Employed in the Texts.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter consists of several subchapters. This chapter discusses Barack Obama, Iraq War, Iran election crisis, speech and news conference, text and context, systemic functional grammar, metafunctions, ideational meaning, and transitivity.

A. Barack Obama

Barack Obama is the 44th and current president of United States. He was born in Honolulu August 4, 1961. At present, he is the first African American to hold the office. He became president of United States after he won the general election in November 2008. He previously served as United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency. His first day governed United States as an elected president took place on January 20, 2010.

Obama started his study in the elementary school in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1967. In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with maternal grandparent and continued his study from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979. Following his school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College. Later, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in International Relation and Graduated with B.A. In the late 1988, he entered Harvard Law School, where he

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was the president of the Harvard Law Review and president of journal in the second year. After graduating with Juris Doctor (J.D) magna cum'laude from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago. He then accepted a two-year position as a Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book. He then served as a professor at that university for twelve years- as lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004 in teaching constitutional law.

His political career began when he was elected to the Illinois senate in 1996 as Senator from Illinois's District. In the 1998, he was reelected to the Illinois senate defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats regained a majority. He was formally announced as a candidate from Democratic Party and as the opponent of George W. Bush from Republican Party in January 2003. Afterward, Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following the general election. He became U.S senator in 2005 to 2008. On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for president of the United States. Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care. In 2009, Obama won the general election and was elected to be the president of United States.

Many people assume that one of the aspects which supports Barack Obama in reaching his successful is his ability as communicator. His amazing oration have made it becomes a phenomenal. Media called him as “a rising star”.

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According to Shel Leanne in her book Say it like Obama, she describes Obama’s speeches: clear, inspiring, and motivating (Leanne, 2009: xvi).

In his speech of political campaign, Obama much emphasized on Iraq War as one of the issues spread in the United States. He was the rival of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq. He spoke out against the Iraq War when the day President Bush and congress agreed on join resolution authorizing of Iraq War. There were many speeches presented by Barack Obama concerning about Iraq War. He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war. On February 27, 2009 he declared that the Invasion of Iraq would end by 18 months.

(http://en,wikipedia.org/wiki/BarackObama).

B. Iraq War

Iraq war is also known as the occupation of Iraq, the second Gulf War, and Operation Iraqi freedom. It is a military campaign that began on March 20, 2003. The invasion of Iraq was led by troop from the United States under the administration of President Goerge W. Bush and the United Kingdom under the Prime Minister Tony Blair. The invasion was caused by the issue that Iraq has the "weapon mass of destruction" (MDW). The governments of the United States and United Kingdom asserted that the possibility of Iraq employing the weapon threatened their security and their coalition or regional allies.

In 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to

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verify that it was not in possession of weapons of mass destruction and cruise missiles. The United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) was given access by Iraq under provisions of the U.N resolution but found no evidence of weapons of mass destruction.

The invasion of Iraq led to an occupation and the eventual capture of President Hussein. Violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups soon led to the Iraqi insurgency, strife between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups, and the emergence of a new faction of al-Qaeda in Iraq. In 2008, the UNHCR reported an estimate of 4.7 million refugees (16% of the population) with 2 million abroad (a number close to CIA projections) and 2.7 million internally displaced people. In 2007, Iraq's anti-corruption board reported that 35% of Iraqi children, or about five million children, were orphans. The Red Cross stated in March 2008 that Iraq's humanitarian situation remained among the most critical in the world, with millions of Iraqis forced to rely on insufficient and poor-quality water sources.

In June 2008, U.S. Department of Defense officials claimed security and economic indicators began to show signs of improvement in what they hailed as significant and fragile gains. Iraq was fifth on the 2008 Failed States Index, and sixth on the 2009 list. As public opinion favoring troop withdrawals increased and as Iraqi forces began to take responsibility for security, member nations of the Coalition withdrew their forces. In late 2008, the U.S. and Iraqi governments approved a Status of Forces Agreement effective through January 1, 2012. The Iraqi Parliament also ratified a Strategic Framework Agreement with the U.S.

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aimed at ensuring cooperation in constitutional rights, threat deterrence, education, energy development, and other areas.

In late February 2009, newly elected U.S. President Barack Obama announced an 18-month withdrawal window for combat forces, with approximately 50,000 troops remaining in the country "to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide intelligence and surveillance". General Ray Odierno, the top U.S. military commander in Iraq, said he believes all U.S. troops will be out of the country by the end of 2011, while U.K. forces ended combat operations on April 30, 2009. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has said he supports the accelerated pullout of U.S. forces. In a speech at the Oval Office on 31 August 2010 Obama declared "the American combat mission in Iraq has ended. Operation Iraqi Freedom is over, and the Iraqi people now have lead responsibility for the security of their country." Beginning September 1, 2010, the American operational name for its involvement in Iraq changed from "Operation Iraqi Freedom" to "Operation New Dawn". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IraqWar)

C. Iran Election Crisis

A crisis is defined by Pauchant and Mitroff (1992:12) as a disruption that physically affects a system as a whole and threatens its basic assumptions, its subjective sense of self, and its existential core. Meanwhile, Haywood makes simple definition of crisis as "an emergency condition", (Haywood, 2008). From the definition above we can see that crisis is an unexpected condition and it is a serious problem that must be solved soon. Crisis could happen in many aspects

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such as, economical aspect, political aspect, social aspect, and so on.

A crisis hit Iran after the Iranian presidential election started on 12 June 2009. The crisis was caused by the protests following the Iranian presidential election against the disputed victory of Iranian President Mahmoed Ahmadinejad. The opposition candidate Mir-Housein Mousavi was dissatisfied by the result of the election. He sent a letter to the Guardian Council to cancel the election and claimed that he was the real winner. He also met the Supreme Leader to discuss the elections.

Official results, released by the Interior ministry, stated that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad had got 62.6%. Meanwhile his closest challenger, Mir Hossein Mousavi, received only 33.8%. The two other candidates won a much smaller percentage of the vote. Mohsen Rezai gained 1.7% and Mehdi Karroubi just 0.9%. The ministry put turnout at 85%.

All opposition candidates rejected the official results and claimed that the votes were manipulated and the election rigged. According to an analysis by Professor Walter R. Mebane, Jr. from the Department of Statistics of the University of Michigan, considering data from the first stage of the 2005 presidential election produces results that "give moderately strong support for a diagnosis that the 2009 election was affected by significant fraud". The UK-based think-tank Chatham House also suspected fraud in the voting process for a number of reasons.

There were many protests came from the groups who oppose the elected president. The protests were given several titles by their proponents including

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Green Revolution, Green Wave or Sea of Green, reflecting presidential candidate Mousavi's campaign color, and also Persian Awakening. The events have also been nicknamed the "Twitter Revolution" because of the protesters' reliance on Twitter and other social-networking Internet sites to communicate with each other. Islamic politician Ata'ollah Mohajerani blasted the election as "the end of the Islamic Republic". In response to the protests, other groups rallied in Tehran to support Ahmadinejad.

The crisis reached into the bad condition. Police suppressed both peaceful demonstrating and rioting using batons, pepper spray, sticks and, in some cases, firearms. The Iranian government has confirmed the deaths of 36 people during the protests while unconfirmed reports by supporters of Mousavi allege that there have been 72 deaths (twice as many) in the three months following the disputed election. Iranian authorities have closed universities in Tehran, blocked web sites, blocked cell phone transmissions and text messaging and banned rallies. (http://en, wikipedia.org/wiki/IranElectionProcess)

D. Speech and News Conference

Communication could not be separated with human life. As social human being, people communicate with others to express their thoughts and feelings. People communicate in their own purposes to fulfill their needs. There are many ways used by the people to communicate with others. When people communicate to others, they will produce a text as a device to show their ideas or feelings. Text refers to any stretch of language, regardless of length, that is spoken or written for

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the purpose of communication by real people in actual circumstances (Thomas Bloor and Meriel Bloor. 2004: 5).

Speech and news conference are two examples of the texts used to communicate or express one's ideas in social life. They are effective and quick ways used by the people in order to give information to public. Using speech and news conference people can also motivate somebody or group of people to do something.

1. Speech

In general term, speech belongs to the public speaking. It is an act of process of making speeches in public (Webter's Third New International Dictioanry). Meanwhile, the Cambridge International Dictionary of English defines speech as a formal talk given usually to large number of people on a special occasion. According to Onong Uchjana Effendy in his book of Public Relation- Suatu Studi Komunikologis-, speech in the small sense is not only an informative description contains of information or explanation, but also it must be persuasive.

"Pidato dalam pengertian sempit adalah seni berbicara didepan utnum atau public. Pidato tidak hanya merupakan paparan informatif yang berisi keterangan atau penjelasan, tetapi persuasif, yakni mengandung ajakan atau bujukan sehingga para hadirin tergerak hatinya untuk melaksanaknnya"(Onong Uchjana, 1998:162).

From some definitions above we can see that speech is an activity of talk presented to public with the specific purposes. It is done by the people in front of

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mass people in order to give information, explain something, and even persuade someone to do something. In this case, the listeners are supposed to think continually, feel, and do as the speaker want.

Speech belongs to the formal communication. It is commonly held by a person who has a high position in the social class. Besides, speech is given or presented to a special audience in the particular time and place. There are many examples of speeches in a society such as, inauguration speech, campaign speech, religion speech, and presidential speech.

Good speech will give good impression for the listeners. Mastering a good speech will drive a person to reach the good career. Barack Obama has got the advantages because of his skill in giving speech. His great skill in giving speech has influenced many people to have political movement and accept his ideas. Shel Leanne in her book, Say it like Obama, states that Obama could ensure every one through his speech.

Besides, a person who is able to master in giving speech, he can control the mass and influence them with his dogma. It shows how great the power of speech can influence the huge number of people in the world. It is similar with the

Keraf’s statement:

“Peranan pidato, ceramah, penyajian lisan kepada suatu kelompok massa merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting, baik pada waktu sekarang maupun pada waktu-waktu yang akan datang. Mereka yang mahir berbicara dengan mudah dapat menguasai massa, dan behasil memasarkan gagasan mereka sehingga dapat diterima oleh orang lain. Dalam sejarah umat manusia dapat dicatat betapa keampuhan penyajian lisan ini, yang dapat merubah sejarah umat manusia atau sejarah suatu bangsa”.(Keraf, 2001: 314)

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2. News conference

A news conference or a press conference is a media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask questions. In this event, newsmakers possibly get information in the same time and place from the speaker. A joint press conference instead is held between two or more talking sides. It is like with what Emeraldy chatra and Narsullah stated in their book, 2008, Public Relations: Strategi kehumasan dalam mengahadapi krisis.

"Konferensi pers adalah event yang memungkinkan wartawan secara bersama-sama menerima informasi dari sebuah organisasi" (Emeraldy chatra and Nasrullah. 2008:163)

In a news conference, one or more speakers may make a statement, which may be followed by questions from reporters. Sometimes only questioning occurs; sometimes there is a statement with no questions permitted. A media event at which no statements are made, and no questions are allowed, is called a photo opportunity. A government may wish to open their proceedings for the media to witness events, such as the passing of a piece of legislation from the government in parliament to the senate, via media availability. Television stations and networks especially value news conferences: because today's TV news programs air for hours at a time, or even continuously, assignment editors have a steady appetite for ever-larger quantities of footage.

News conferences are often held by politicians (such as the President of the United States); by sports teams; by celebrities or film studios; by commercial organizations to promote products; by attorneys to promote lawsuits; and by

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almost anyone who finds benefit in the free publicity afforded by media coverage. Some people, including many police chiefs, hold news conferences reluctantly in order to avoid dealing with reporters individually.

A news conference is often announced by sending an advisory or news release to assignment editors, preferably well in advance. Sometimes they are held spontaneously when several reporters gather around a newsmaker.

News conferences can be held just about anywhere, in settings as formal as the White House room set aside for the purpose or as informal as the street in front of a crime scene. Hotel conference rooms and courthouses are often used for news conferences. (http://en,wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsConference)

E. Systemic Functional Grammar

Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is a model of grammar developed by Michael Halliday in the 1960s. It is a study of linguistics which focuses on the discourse analysis. This study emphasizes meaning as the fundamental aspect in analyzing language. As stated by Halliday that a language is interpreted as a system of meanings, accompanied by forms through which the meanings can be realized (1994: xiv). This opinion is also supported by Martin who believes functional linguistics has a conceptualization of language as a resource of meaning (1992:3).

It is related to the name of this study that SFG carries two concepts: systemic and functional. The term "systemic" derives from the basic of the systemic theory. It refers to the view of language as a network of systems, or

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interrelated sets of options for making meaning. It can also be said that SFG is a theory of choice of meaning. Meanwhile the term "functional" indicates that the approach is concerned with the contextualized, practical uses to which language is put. It means that this study concerns in the way language is used rather than is formed. Language, either said or written, has evolved to satisfy human needs. That is why SFG is opposite to formal grammar, which focuses on compositional semantics, syntax and word classes such as nouns and verbs. In other words, SFG is study of language based on the function in context rather than the formal one (Halliday, 1993: xiii).

Systemic functional grammar presents a view of language in terms of lexicogrammar approach; a term that embraces the idea that vocabulary (lexis) is inextricably linked to grammatical choice. It involves the idea that language consists of a set of system, which offer the speaker (or writer) an unlimited choice of ways of creating meanings (Thomas Bloor and Meriel Bloor.2004:3). It means that it is concerned primarily with the choices the grammar makes available to speakers and writers. These choices relate speakers and writers intentions to the concrete forms of a language. Traditionally the "choices" are viewed in terms of either the content or the structure of the language used.

F. Text and Context

It has been stated that SFG or SFL focuses on the discourse analysis. It examines the meanings which occur in text produced by the people. Text is used by the people to express their minds and ideas. As a semiotic system approach to

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language, text carries out the social function of social process in the society. Thus, text always represents norms and values where the text is produced. As Halliday stated, text is semantic unit, not the grammatical one like clause or sentence (1994: xvii). Text is a result of choice of meaning since it consists of meaning represented in the communicable form. The term of text here is not only written text in the small sense, but also spoken text. The term text is used in linguistics to refers to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole (Halliday and Hasan 1976).

A text can be observed from two points of view. Firstly, text can be observed as a process. In this case, text is a process of social interaction and activity among the participants in expressing the social function. Secondly, text can be observed as a product. Thus, text can be recorded, saved, and released for other social processes (Santosa, 2003:18).

Text which is produced by the people could not be separated from the context. Whenever and wherever the text is produced by the people, it always deals with its context as a unified device in expressing social function and meaning. Language as a text always occurs in two contexts. Those are context of culture and context of situation. Context of culture can be norms and values in the society where the text is produced. Meanwhile, context of situation is a term covering all the things going on in the world outside the text. It can be analyzed through three conceptual frameworks: field, tenor and mode (Martin and Rose.2003:243). The relationship of language as text in its context can be seen as figure 2.1 below:

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Figure 2.1: language as the realization of social context

Social context:

1. Context of situation: Field, Tenor, Mode 2. Context of culture

(Adapted from Santosa, 2010)

Field refers to what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place: what is that the participants are engaged in, in which language figures as some essential component (Halliday & Hasan 1985: 12). It can be said that field tends to describe when, where, why and how it happens. Field represents ideational function in the metafunctions system.

Tenor refers to who is taking part, to the nature of the participant, the status and their roles: what kind of role relationship obtain, including permanent and temporary relationships of one or another, both types of speech roles they take on in the dialogue and the whole cluster of social significant relationships in which they involved (Halliday & Hasan 1985 : 12). Martin also defines tenor as the negotiation of relationships among its participants (1992: 523). In the system of metafunction, interpersonal meaning is represented by tenor.

Mode refers to what part language is playing, what it is that the Social context

Language as Text

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participants are expecting language to do for them in the situation: the symbolic organization of the text, the status that it has, and its function in the context (Halliday & Hasan 1985:12). Mode also involves two components; channel and medium. Chanel concerns how the language is used in a text whether in spoken or written text. Medium means the medium used to express the language whether one-way or two-way communication (ibid. 52). Mode represents interpersonal function in the metafunction system.

Based on the explanation above, we can see that text and context has a close relation. It can not be separated because text always brings its context in doing certain jobs to express social function. We will know how language constructs meaning by connecting text and its context; context of situation and context of culture.

G. Metafunctions

According to Halliday, functional bases of grammatical phenomena are divided into three broad areas, they are called metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal and the textual. These three functions underlie all the use of language either to understand the environment or to act to the others (1985: xii). Written and spoken texts can be examined with respect to each of these metafunctions in register analysis.

Ideational function is meaning derived from language as to construe reality. It constructs mental picture in the people's mind about the reality what is going on. Ideational function is divided into experiential meaning and logical meaning. Experiential meaning organizes our experience and understanding of the

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world. It is the use of language to reflect the experience of its participants as the agent who is doing the activities. Logical meaning works above the experiential meaning. It organizes our reasoning on the basis of our experience. It is used to understand the relation between participants and its process (Santosa, 2003 : 20). Ideational function can be analyzed through its lexicogrammar. Some grammatical units representing ideational meaning are transitivity, group system, and lexis, including congruency.

Interpersonal function is meaning derived from language to behave socially (Santosa, 2003: 20). It describes social interaction among its participants. The participants that conduct in interaction event consist of speaker and listener who interacts each other in the form of giving something or demanding something. Halliday called this as the most fundamental type of speech role. He explained these types of interaction as giving means inviting to receive, while demanding means inviting to give. The commodities exchanged in interaction event are: 1. good and services, 2. information (Halliday, 1985: 68).

Textual function means we act semiotically to construe reality and behave socially (Santosa, 2003: 20). It deals with the message delivered by the text by organizing ideational function and interpersonal function in coherent. Halliday explained that textual function can be analyzed through theme-rheme system. Theme is the element which becomes the point of departure of the message. It represents about what the clause is concerned. Meanwhile, rheme is the rest of the message which the theme is developed. A clause consists of theme-rherne which put in a structure by putting the theme in the first (Halliday, 1985: 37).

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Those three systems of function in the metafunctions are closely connected to its context of situation. They reveal three conceptual frameworks of context of situation. Filed is represented through ideational meaning, tenor is represented through interpersonal meaning, and mode is represented through textual meaning (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 34)

H. Ideational Meaning

It has been stated that ideational meaning is meaning derived from the language as to construe the reality (Santosa, 2003: 20). It is the use of language which represents the experience of the participants. Halliday also states that ideational meaning is a mental picture of reality, to make sense of people's experience of what goes around them and inside them (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 106).

Basically, there are three basic concepts realized in ideational meaning. First, it talks about the processes in the reality. It describes about the actions, happenings, feelings, situations and so on. Second, ideational meaning describes the participant involved in those processes. The participants can be human being or things. The last, ideational meaning also talk about circumstances which accompany the happenings including time, place, manner, and so on (Halliday, 1994: 106). We can conclude from the statements above that ideational meaning tells about what the process happen in the social events, the participants who are involved in the happenings and the circumstances which exist when the events happen.

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As stated before, ideational meaning is divided into experiential meaning and logical meaning. Experiential meaning represents the experience of the participant in the social events. Meanwhile, logical meaning concerns with the relation among its participant and its process. It is the logical connection between one experience to others in the reality. At clause rank, experiential meaning is represented by transitivity. Then the experiences revealed by experiential meaning are connected each other by logical meaning. It shows the relationship among the processes and the participants. Logical meaning itself can be analyzed through clause system and group system.

I. Transitivity

It has been stated before that experiential meaning can be represented by transitivity system. Halliday stated that the transitivity system construes the world experience into a manageable set of process types (Halliday, 1994: 106). It means that transitivity system construes the experiences of the participants and what is going on in that time through the types of the processes happen in the social events. In expressing the experiences and the happening, in principle, there are three components used in the transitivity system. Those three components are:

a. The process itself

b. The participants in the process

c. The circumstances accompanying with the process

The existence of the process has a close relationship to the participant. The occurrence of the process must need certain participant in the realization.

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Meanwhile, the circumstance is a conditional aspect which follows the two components above. It can be needed or not depending on the situation of the social events. In the transitivity system, the process of happening is the central point. The process itself is realized by verbal group. Meanwhile, the others components; the participant is realized by nominal group and the circumstance is realized by adverbial group. The concepts of process, participant and circumstance are semantic categories which explain in the most general way how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures.

1. Process and its participants

According to Halliday, there is a basic difference to explain experiences represented by the process. He explained that there are two main experiences. They are outer experience and inner experience. The outer experience is what we experience as going on out there, in the world around us. It is about the actions and events: things happen; participants do things, or make them happen. Meanwhile, the inner experience is what we experience as going on inside ourselves, in the world of consciousness and imagination. It is a kind of replay of the outer experience, recording it, reacting to it, and partly a separate awareness of our states of being. It can be said that the outer experience is the process of the external world; meanwhile the inner experience is the process of consciousness. The grammatical categories are those of material process and mental process (Halliday, 1994: 107).

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material process and mental process, must be added another component in order to make it coherent. In this case, relational process is the third component to relate one fragment of experience to another. Finally, there are three main processes in the transitivity system. Those are mental process, material process and relational process. But there are other types of processes might be found in transitivity system. The other types of process are behavioral process, verbal process, and existential process. Behavioral process occurs on the borderline between material and mental process. On the borderline of mental and relational process is verbal process. The last one is existential process on the borderline between the relational and material process (Halliday, 1994: 106).

1) Material process

Material process is a process of physical action and happening. It realizes what is going on and what the participants do. As stated by Martin that material covers both concrete and abstract processes realize in the happenings and doings. He also states that concrete material process has also come to serve as a model for construing experience of change in abstract phenomenon (1997:103). Material process involves some participants. Those participants are:

a. Actor : it is participant who or which does something.

b. Goal : it is a participant that suffers or undergoes the process. It is also affected by the event.

c. Range : it is the expansion of process or scope of process.

d. Beneficiary : it is a participant benefiting from the process. It is split into client and recipient. Client is participant who or which receives the

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services, while recipient is participant who or which receives the goal.

The examples of material process are such as below: a) Material process in active

Garry repairs the car

Actor Process: material Goal

b) Material process in passive

The car is repaired by Garry Goal Process: material Actor

c) Material process with recipient

My father gives me a motorcycle Actor Process: material Recipient Goal

d) Material process with client

She bought her a new t-shirt

Actor Process: material Client Goal

e) Material process with range John

Mary

Plays cleans

the drum (extension of process) the room (scope of process)

Actor Process: Range

2) Mental Process

Mental process is a process of sensing. It is like with the Halliday's statement that mental process is a process of feeling, thinking, and seeing. The

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three basic frameworks of the mental process above can be put into general terms: (1) perception, (2) affection, (3) cognition (Op.Cit, 118). Perception relates to the process of sense such as, seeing, hearing, tasting and smelling. Affection is a process that relates to the feeling like loving, fearing and liking. Meanwhile cognition deals with the cognitive activities such as thinking, assuming, and understanding.

In the mental process, senser and phenomenon are the participants. In this case, Halliday states that there is always one participant (senser) who is human that is one who senses. Meanwhile, phenomenon is a participant which is felt, thought and seen. The phenomena itself is divided into three types. They are micro phenomenon which consists of a thing, macro phenomenon which consists of a thing and embedded process, and meta-phenomenon which deals with an idea.

Jane loves saw wondered

her husband (micro)

her child eating the cake (macro) why he did not come to the party (meta) Senser Process: mental Phenomenon

3) Relational process

According to Halliday, relational process is a process of being. The term being itself is not 'being' in the sense of existing. It refers to something is being said to 'be' something else. It can be said that a relation is being set up between two separate entities. It can be done by giving attribute or assessment. Thus, relational process is split into two types; attributive relational process and

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identifying relational process.

a) Attributive relational process (ARP)

Halliday stated that in the attributive mode, an entity has some quality ascribed or attributed to it. From this statement we can conclude that attributive relational process (ARP) is a process which relates participants by giving attribute to something else. The participants in the attributive relational process are carrier and attribute. Carrier is a participant given attribute or a thing which bears the attribute. Meanwhile, attribute can be participant realized in noun phrase or identifying feature realized in adjective adverbial. ARP occurs in active form. Thus, attributive relational process (ARP) is not reversible.

He Marry

is becomes

smart a teacher Carrier Process: ARP Attribute

b) Identifying relational process (IRP)

Identifying relational process (IRP) is a process that relates one participant and other participants by giving assessment (Ibid. 84). In identifying mode, something has an identity assigned to it. It means that one entity is being used to identify another (Halliday, 1994: 122). The participants of IRP are token and value. Token is the subject in active clause, while value is the subject in the passive clause. Since IRP is reversible, token and value can be exchanged. There are some verbs realizing IRP. They are such as: be, make imply, show, realize and so on.

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Marry is my sister Token Process: IRP Value

My sister is marry Value Process: IRP Token

4) Behavioral process

According to Halliday, behavioral process is a process of physiological and psychological behavior. This process lies between material process and mental process. It is partly like material process and partly like mental process. This process is split into two processes; verbal behavior process and mental behavior process.

a) Verbal behavioral process

Verbal behavioral process is a process using verbal activity in doing the action. The participants of verbal behavioral process are behaver, receiver and verbiage. Behaver is the participant who does the process, receiver is the participant to whom the saying from behaver is directed and verbiage refers to what is said by behaver. Verbal behavioral process may include verbs such as: talk, speak, call, discuss, abuse, flatter and so on.

Marry talked to her about their new shoes Behaver Process: VBP Reciever Verbiage

b) Mental behavioral process

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in doing action. There are two participants in this process. They are behaver and phenomenon. Behaver is a participant who does mental behavioral activities such as thinks and feels something, while phenomenon refers to something suffers the process. This process may include some verbs such a look at, survey, smile, cry, memorize, mediate and so on.

He is watching television Behaver Process: MBP phenomenon

5) Verbal process

Verbal process is a purely process of saying and it does not involve any action (Santosa, 2003:81). It lies between mental process and material process. The participants of verbal behavioral process are sayer, receiver and verbiage. Sayer is a participants who or which says something, receiver is a participant who receives what is said, while verbiage refers to what is said by the sayer. In this case, Halliday also states that verbal process is different from mental process. It is unlike mental processes, verbal processes do not require a conscious participant. The sayer is not only human, but also things which can put out a signal (Halliday, 1994: 140). Some verbs realizing this process are ask, tell, say, etc.

I tell her a story

Sayer Process; Verbal Process Reciever Verbiage

6) Existential process

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something exists or happens (Halliday, 1994: 142). It lies between relational process and material process. There is only one participant involved in this process. It is existent as the participant and that is the object or event which is being said to exist.

Existential process can be seen by the clause started with "there is/are..." or the verb "exist". The word "there", in this case, has no representational function or meaning like "there" for "direction or places" as the meaning. But, the word "there" is needed as a subject in English clause, because English clause grammatically must need a subject.

There is a new car in the parking area Proc: existent Existent Circumtance

2. Circumstance

Circumstance is one of three elements exist in the transitivity system. It is physical and non physical process environment covering the process (Santosa, 2003:87). Halliday also states that circumstance is associated 'with' or 'attendant' on the processes. It refers to examples such as the location of an event in time or space, its manner, or its cause: and these notions of when, where, how and why the thing happens (Halliday, 1994:3 50).

Circumstance is realized by adverbial phrase. There are eight types of circumstances: extent, location, manner, cause, accompaniment, role, matter and angle.

1) Circumstance of extent

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terms of some unit of measurement. The interrogative forms for extent are How far? How long? How many? How many times? It occurs either with or without preposition (Halliday, 1994:152).

I have been walking for an hours Circum: extent

2) Circumstance of location

This circumstance expresses the location of a process which can be defined in terms of time and place. Circumstance of location-time can be realized by hours, days, weeks, months etc. While circumstance of-location place is split into three: place, space, and direction including passage, source, and destination. Location circumstantial is used to answer the question of where? and when?

I have breakfast this morning Circ: loc: time

I'm swimming in the swimming pool Circ: loc: place

3) Circumstance of manner

According to Halliday, circumstance of manner is split into three subcategories: means, quality, and comparison,

a) Manner: means

This circumstance refers to the means whereby a process takes place. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with the preposition by or with. The interrogative forms are how? and what with?

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(Halliday, 1994:154).

I go to school on foot

Circ: manner: means

b) Manner: quality

It refers to the circumstance which is expressed by an adverb group, with–ly, and adverb as head. It also characterizes the process in respect of any variable that makes sense. The interrogative form for this circumstance is how? (Halliday, 1994:154).

She walked silently

Circ: manner: quality

c) Manner: comparison

It is a circumstance that shows comparison its participants and among its process. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase like or unlike or an adverbial group of similarity or difference. It can be checked using the interrogative for of what like?

He screamed loudly like thunder

Circ: manner: comparison

4) Circumstance of cause

This circumstance comprises into five sub-categories: reason, purpose, condition, concession and behalf.

a) Cause: reason

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place. In other words, it is about what causes the process. This circumstance is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with through or a complex preposition such as because of, thanks to, also the negative form want of (Halliday, 1994: 155).

He did not go to school because of the rain Circ: cause: reason

b) Cause: purpose

It represents the purpose for which an action takes places. It can be said that it is about the intention behind the process. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with for or with a complex preposition such as in the hope of, for the purpose of. The interrogative is who for? (Halliday, 1994: 155)

I go home for having launch Circ: cause: Purpose

c) Cause: condition

It is a circumstance realized in the text in order to give condition to its process. It is expressed by in case of, in the event of. The interrogative form is what if.

In case of raining I should wear my coat Circ: cause: condition

d) Cause: concession

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It is expressed by some prepositional phrase such as in spite of, and despite of.

The son is popular in spite of its simplicity Circ: cause: concession

e) Cause: behalf

According to Halliday, this circumstance represents the entity, typically a person, on whose behalf or for whose sake the action is undertaken. It can be said that it is about who the process is for. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase with for or with complex preposition such as on behalf, for the sake of etc.

I advice you for the sake of your child Circ: cause: behalf

5) Circumstance of accompaniment

According to Halliday, circumstance of accompaniment is the circumstance which accompanies its participants in a process. It represents the meaning 'and 'or 'not' as circumstantial. It is typically expressed by prepositional phrase with prepositions such as with, without, besides, instead of etc.

The dog likes instead of meat Circ: accompaniment

6) Circumstance of role

Role circumstantial shows the role done by the participant in a process. The interrogative for this circumstantial is what as? This circumstantial is

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typically expressed by the prepositional as.

He acts as a hero Circ: role

7) Circumstance of matter

This circumstance refers to the matter in a process. It is related to verbal processes. It can be said that it is the circumstantial equivalent of the verbiage. The prepositional used to realize matter circumstantial are: about, concerning, with reference to, and of. The interrogative to this circumstantial is what is about?

He talked about her husband Circ: matter

8) Circumstance of angle

This circumtance is also related to verbal process. It shows the sayer who says something. It is expressed by the complex prepositional phrase such as according to and in the opinion of etc.

According to marry this flower is beautiful Circ: angle

3. Extra causer

Santosa in his book states that there is other category in the transitivity system. This special category is named extra causer. It describes agent which is not involved in the other participants of the process above such as, actor, behaver, senser, sayer, token, existent, carrier etc (Santosa, 2003: 92). Extra causer is split into five categories: initiator, inducer, attributor, and assigner.

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1) Initiator

Initiator is typically assigned by some verbs such as: make, let, get and do.

The dog made my daughter cried Initiator Pro- Actor -cess

2) Inducer

There are some verbs used in the inducer such as, persuade, convince, and satisfy.

She assured me that her husband was not wrong Inducer Process Senser Phenomenon

3) Attributor

Attributor is assigned by some verbs such as, make, keep, leave, drive. The games makes him lazy

Attributor Process Carrier Attribute

4) Assigner

Assigner is indicated by some verbs such as, elect, name, vote, call, and make.

She calls me brother Attributor Process Carrier Attribute

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pattern occurs when the intransitive and transitive is no longer appropriate. The same verbs can occur in these two models with the given verb as a process. In the ergative pattern every process has associated with it one participant that is actualized, and without which there would be no process all. The element is called medium, since it is the entity through the medium of which the process comes into existence.

The dog made my daughter cried Agent Pro- Medium -cess

She assured me that her husband was not wrong Agent Process Medium Range

The games makes him lazy Agent Process Medium Range

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52 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS

This chapter contains findings or answers of the research questions that have been stated in the chapter I. As mentioned in chapter I, there are three questions stated in the research questions. Therefore, this chapter is divided into three subchapters. The first subchapter explains the types of the proccesses employed in the text I and text II. The second subchapter discusses the ways of the processes applied in the texts. The last one describes the reasons of the processes applied in those texts.

A. Types of Processes Employed in the Text

According to Halliday, experiential meaning which is represented in the transitivity system has three main types of processes. They are material process, mental process, and relational process. Other types of process might be found in transitivity system are behavioral process, verbal process, and existential process. Behavioral process occurs on the borderline between material and mental process. Verbal process is on the borderline between mental and relational process. The last one is existentsial process which occurs on the borderline between the relational and material process (1994: 106). However, it is not all of those processes applied in the texts of this research.

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There are some differences occur in the text I and text II related to the type and the number of processes. In order to make the description clear, the researcher separates it into different part in analyzing types of processes. It is realized as the explanation below:

1. Text I

There are six types of processes which are employed in the texts I. They are verbal behavior process (V.B.P), material process (Ma.P), mental behavior process (M.B.P), attributive relational process (A.R.P), mental process (Me.P), and identifying relational process (I.R.P). The number and precentage of each procces can be seen as in table 4.1 below:

Table 4.1: Types of processes employed in the text I No Type of

processes

Clause number Numbers Procentage

1.

2.

3.

4.

V.B.P

Ma.P

M.B.P

Me.P

2a, 2b, 8, 13, 19, 31a, 40, 41, 42, 46a, 46c, 48a, 50a

3, 7b, 9, 10, 11, 17b, 18b, 37a, 38b, 48c, 48d, 50b

7a, 17a, 18a, 25b, 25c, 39c, 39d, 44, 46b, 48b, 59, 60 15, 31b, 36a, 38a, 39a, 43, 45, 47,

49

13

12

12

9

20.6 %

19 %

19 %

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5. 6.

I.R.P A.R.P

4, 20, 21, 22, 25a, 26, 51, 52, 56 5, 29, 32, 35, 36b, 38b, 39b, 58

9 8

14 % 12, 7 %

Total 63 100%

Based on table 4.1 above, it can be seen that the biggest number of processes used in the text I is verbal behavior process (20.6%). The second biggest numbers of processes are mental behavior process and material process shared in same percentage (19 %). Then they are followed by mental process and identifying relational process (14 %). And the last one is attributive relational process (12.7 %).

In the transitivity system, each process has different function in revealing experiential meaning of a clause in the text. In this text, the domination of verbal behavior process shows that the participant applies more dominant attitude. It shows that the participant employs the combination of material process and verbal process in order to show his attitude or his thought toward the issue. It is done by using verbal activity in doing the action. In order to make clear, each type of process which is used in the text I will be explained in the following explanation as figured below:

a) Verbal behavior process

It has been stated that verbal behavior process is the biggest number of processes applied in this text I (20.6%). This process is applied in (13) clauses. Some verbal groups which realized in; saying, has been billed, don’t oppose, am

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opposed, let me clear, let’s send, and let’s fight, are used to reveal the experiential meaning of the participant by using verbal activity and physical action to show his attitude in responding the issue.

The examples can be seen in the underlined words at this clause (2), “Let me begin by saying that although this has been billed as an anti-war rally”. In this clause, we can see that behaver, Barack Obama, uses verbal behavior process of saying to open his speech. What Barack Obama said is verbiage. The verbiage in this clause also contains verbal behavior process. The verbal phrase has been billed shows that there is a process of using verbal activity through a physical action. In this clause, Barack Obama reveals his experiential meaning of has been billed toward something (his speech) which is recognized by the people as an anti-war rally.

In other examples, Barack Obama uses verbal behavior process to show his thoughts directly toward war by stating his statement. It can be seen in clause (8), (13), (19), and (40). In this case, Barack Obama is showing his attitude directly by saying “I don’t oppose all wars”. In this statement, he shows his position in responding war. He states that he is not in opposition to all wars. It means that there are some particular wars that he opposes to. For instance, it can be seen in clause (41), by using verbal behavior process, he states about the war he opposes to. “I’m opposed to dumb war”, this statement shows about kind of war that he opposes to. He shows his experiential meanings about what he calls as a dumb war to be the object that must be opposed. Those statements are examples

In terms of circumstances, there are seven types of circumstances occurred in the text I. They are circumstance of location-place (27.8%), circumstance of location-time (16.7%), circumstance of accompaniment (16.7%), circumstance manner-quality (16.7%), circumstance of cause-behalf (11.1%), circumstance of role (5.5%), and circumstance of matter (5.5%). Meanwhile, there are also seven types of circumstances occurred in the text II. They are circumstance of location-place (26.7%), circumstance of location-time (20%), circumstance of manner-quality (20%), circumstance of manner-means (13.2%), circumstance of cause-behalf (7%), circumstance of cause-concession (7%), and circumstance of matter (7%).

2. The ways of the processes and circumstances employed in the texts.

In revealing experiential meaning, both texts have some similarities and differences in term of transitivity system. The similarities occur in some functions from the processes and circumstances applied in the texts. Meanwhile, the differences occur in the number of the processes which have general functions to bring the message as the purposes of Barrack Obama’s speeches. Besides, there is also different structure of the processes organized in the texts.

In terms of the function realized in the processes, there are some similarities in both texts. It can be seen clearly in the beginning of the texts. Barrack Obama uses verbal behavior process to start his speech as the opening. Besides, there are also similarities of the use of attributive relational process,

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identifying relational process, and verbal process to give information and explanation to the listeners.

In terms of circumstance, both texts have similarity in explaining the environment of the process. They employ more circumstance of location-place and circumstance location-time as well. The use of these similar circumstances is influenced by the theme of the text. Both texts talk about the conflict as the topic. Therefore, these circumstances are more used to describing the place and time to accompany the process. They show where and when the happenings happen.

On the other hand, the difference occurs in the number of processes and the structure of processes organized in the texts. In text I, Barrack Obama applies more verbal behavior process than the other processes. Meanwhile, in text II, attributive relational process is applied by Barrack Obama more than the other ones. In text I, Barrack Obama tends to emphasis in showing his attitude toward the issue. It is different with text II; he focuses on the attribute relational process as his device to give information about the condition in Iran.

In the arrangement of the processes, text I is organized by focusing in the verbal behavior process. Barrack Obama shows his attitude directly by using this process then he support his statement by giving argument realized by other processes. This arrangement is applied in the repetition. Meanwhile, in text II, Barrack Obama uses attributive relational process as the focus of the process. There is just small number of processes used by Barrack Obama to show his

attitude. The other processes are mostly used by Barack Obama to give additional information after he explains the condition over the Iran crisis.

Dealing with the participants of the texts, there is difference between text I and text II. The personal pronoun “I” and “we” mostly occur in the text I. It is affected by the use of verbal behavior process applied in this text. It shows that the participant of the process “I” refers to Barrack Obama and “we” refers to him

as the speaker and us as the listeners. Besides, the personal pronoun “you” also

occurs in this text to point out President Bush as the participant of the process. Meanwhile, in the text II the participants are mostly realized in the (…), these,

that, and this. Those kinds of participants are affected by the dominant use of

attributive relational process.

3. The reasons why the processes are employed in the texts.

It is different between text I and text II concerning to the reason why the processes are employed in the texts. The differences are based on the functions of the processes employed in the texts. This difference is also affected by the purpose of the speaker in delivering the message of the speech.

In the text I, there are two reasons that could be concluded by the researcher. The first one is because Barrack Obama tends to show his attitude and thought toward the invasion over Iraq. He wants to show his disapproval about the invasion. Moreover, he asserts directly his statement by using personal pronoun “you” as the participant and “President Bush” as vocative in his speech. It

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second one is because Barack Obama wants to ask or persuade people to do something in order to respond the invasion that administrated by President Bush. It is indicated by the verb “let’s” that occurs in the text in repetition. In this case, Barack Obama argues that there are other important things that should be done rather than to focus all the power in conducting the invasion. Besides, the Background when the speech given also influences the process. If we take a look to the background when this speech given by Barrack Obama, we find that this speech is used by Barrack Obama to face his rival of the George W. Bush

administration’s 2003 invasion of Iraq. It is because Barrack Obama was a

candidate from Democratic Party as the opponent of George W. Bush from Republican Party.

It is different from text II, Barrack Obama focuses on the attributive relational process because he gives information toward the issue. In this case, he explains the position of the United States regarding the crisis happens in Iran. He also gives information about the condition in Iran after the general election. There is only small number of the processes used by Barack Obama to show his attitude.

B. Recommendation

There are some difficulties and limitations indeed faced by the researcher in conducting this research. Hence, based on the results of this research, the researcher would like to give some recommendations:

1. Students of English Department and other researchers

The researcher recommends to the students of English Department and other researchers who are interested in experiential meaning as their subject in analyzing text, to study deeply to the theory of this subject. It is needed comprehensive analysis since this subject belongs to the systemic functional linguistics as the approach. It is needed the focus in analyzing text when they classify the processes and the other elements of the transitivity system. Besides, they have to recognize the elements they want to analyze. It is because text could not be separated with its context.

Regarding the experiential meaning is a part of the ideational meaning, the researcher also recommends to students and other researchers to conduct further research on the logical meaning as well. It is because logical meaning is also a part of ideational meaning. Hopefully, there will be a comprehensive analysis dealing to find up the ideational meaning of text.

2. Speakers or Orators

A person will be a good speaker or orator if he or she can be able to organize the speech well in order to deliver the message of the speech. As the result, the purpose of the speech can be received easily. Besides, the audiences will enjoy the speech and comfort to listen to the speech. Hence, it is important that the speaker has to know how to make his speech understandable for the audiences. If we take a look to the findings of this research, there are some

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the same process to emphasis the statement, giving argument to the statement, and using mental process to make the audiences use their mental deed in order to get their psychological aspect. Hence, the researcher recommends to the speakers who want to conduct a speech to be able in using those aspects in suppose to make a good speech.

Besides, it is needed to master the topic that will be brought in the speech. By mastering the topic, the audience will receive the argument and will not resist the attitude showed when the speaker conducts the speech. And finally it is possible to make the audience to do something as the speaker asks to them.