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ide: yang satu adalah suatu kenyataan, sesuatu yang dipikirkan, yang menjadi objek; dan yang satu lagi merupakan perbandingan terhadap kenyataan tadi; dan kita
menggantikan yang dibelakang ini menjadi yang terdahulu tadi. Metaphor is a kind of figure of speech which the most concise, condensed, well ordered kind of
comparative figurative expressin. Two ideas are involved inside; and the one is the reality or object, something thought; and the other is the comparison to the reality;
and we subtitude the latter with the former. Kennedy 1983: 680 states, “Metaphor is a statement that one thing is
something else, which in a literal sense, it is not. For example: ‘Her dark eyes made little reflected stars.’
From the expression above, it shows us an example of metaphor in Steinbeck’s novel, The Pearl. It is comparing two nouns, her dark eyes and little reflected stars. It can be
assumed that the color of her eyes is so dark just like the shining beautiful stars.
2.9.3 Simile
A simile is an explicit comparison between things, events, or actions which are fundamentally unlike. It typically involves the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
Leech 1969: 156 says, “A simile is a figure of speech in which two distinct things are compared by using the words like or as.”
According to Kennedy 1983: 680 “Simile is a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually, like, as, than, or a verb such as resembles. A
simile expresses a similiraty. Still, for a simile to exist, the things compared have to be dissimilar in kind. It is no simile to say, “Your fingers are like mine”. It is a literal
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observation. But to say, “Your fingers are like sausages” is kind of simile. According to Wren and Martin 1981: 480, “Simile is a comparison made
between two objects of different kinds which have, however, at least one poin in common”. Means that, simile is the comparison between two things which have a
point of similirity. For example: ‘In the canoe she was like a strong man.
In that example, it can be seen that the word ‘she’ or Juana, the wife of Kino is compared with a man. As we know that Juana is a woman. The power that woman has
is not the same as the man. So, it can be concluded that Juana is not weak.
2.9.4. Synecdoche
Synecdoche is figurative expression in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. Synecdoche is derived from Greek
word synekdechesthal, where syn means ‘with ‘; the word ex, means ‘to get out’; and the word decheisthai means ‘to take’ or ‘to receive’.
According to Kennedy 1983: 688, “Synecdoche is the use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa”. Means that, it is a synecdoche if A is
a component of B or vice versa. For example: ‘Now the dealer’s hand had become a personality.’
In the example, the sentence means that the word ‘hand’ is not just hand but it stands for a help.
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2.9.5. Metonymy
