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2.4.2.2 Non Literal Meaning
Siregar 1992:10 says, “We sometimes mean something different from what our mean, in other words, we sometimes speak non-literally”. People sometimes speak non
literal. When the speaker speaks non literally, therefore, means something different from what the words mean. It is the opposite of literal meaning. In additional the words
orsentence which is spoken by the speaker have hidden meaning beside the lexical meaning.
Everyday people may find many non literal meaning such as in novel, poem, lyrics of song, the Holy Bible, etc. Non literal meaning is very needed to
make our sentences or language more beautiful. The following example illustrate the non literal meaning is ‘My pen is dancing on paper now’. This sentence has non-
literal meaning and it means I am writing on paper now.
2.5 Sense and Reference a. Sense
Word and phrases normally both have sense and reference. In order to have a better understanding of a word and references, there should be a distinction between its
sense and reference. Sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic
elements themselves mostly the words; is concerned only with intralinguistic relations. Other linguists who contributed the meaning of sense and reference in his book is Lyons
1979:197 says “Sense is the term used by a number of philosopher for what others would describe simply as their meaning or perhaps more narrowly as their cognitive or
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descriptive meaning”. In some cases, the same word can have more than on sense. For example the word
‘bank’ has different meaning in the following sentences: a. Every month the company I work for pays my salary directly into my Bank.
b. My apartment is on the east bank of the river. Based on the examples a and b above, we can see that the word bank has a number
of different senses. In the example a, the word bank is an organization or a place that provides a financial service. Simply, bank is a place for keeping money safely. In other
hand, in the example b, the word bank has sense the land sloping up along each river or canal or the ground near the river.
b. Reference
Reference can be said as a link of signifie and signified by words. The signifier is a word in the language and the signified is the object in the worlds that stands for, refers
to or denotes. It is an obvious fact that reference is the centre of symbol and object. Through reference, the language being mentioned is associated to the world.
According to Palmer 1976:30, “Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, word, sentences, etc., and the non-linguistic world of experience”.
For example, the word ‘hand’ has a certain meaning. The first one has meaning a part of body, includes right hand and left hand, a hand has five of fingers and each finger has a
fingernail. The second one, the word ‘hand’ also possesses a characteristic which is known as ‘reference’ that is the ability of the hand is to do anything such to take, throw,
wash, etc.
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2.6 Goals of Semantics
Kategori