181
public sector institutions to improve the quality of their decision-making processes and of public services. Open Government Data refers to
“government information proactively disclosed and available online for everyone’s access, reuse and redistribution without restriction”United
Nations, 2014a, p.163. According to UN Survey 2016, Open government data as a transparency
and accountability measurement of E- government that has several roles according to Sustainable Development Goals SDGs such as:
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere by providing online
information about available public services governments can facilitate access to basic services for people living in poverty. In
addition, Open Government Data platforms can provide information to social innovators and entrepreneurs in order to help them
generate innovative ideas that aid in fighting poverty and empowering the poorest.
2. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for people at all ages by providing data about health and health services can assist people
in accessing health care facilities easily and can help address health epidemics in a more effective way. Some examples of relevant data
include: the number, location, and availability of health service facilities, information about the spread of health epidemics across
regions within a country; and information about where and how to access medicines.
3. Achieve gender equality and empower all women by provide
information by hosting of services available in open standards. Data can help improve gender sensitive policy-making; it can ensure better
access and quality of key services and help addressing the needs of women in under privileged areas. For example, The Girl Impact Map
platform in Rwanda allows organizations to identify girls’ needs and challenges in a more strategic, informed manner, focusing specifically
on where girls are physically located. This leads to more effective and efficient distribution of resources.
4. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all by disseminating data about household energy
consumption, governments can help better monitor and manage energy. In addition, government data can improve investments in
renewable energy infrastructure and educate people about the importance of conserving energy.
182
5. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation by promoting innovation
through the development of new services. It can also helps to increase access of SMEs to business opportunities.
6. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable by providing information about local urban planning,
finance, job availability, transportation schedule and access to education, healthcare, and other facilities.
Data can be considered as an open government data when the information is released in a machine-readable format, there are no legal barriers to
access, it is free of charge and it is available in widespread type of files or open standards.
Harnessing political will across different levels of government is a key challenge to providing open government data. In fact, opening up
government data is above all a political decision about how much information the government is willing to share with people and to what
extent it Un Survey, 2016. 2. UN E-Government Evolution stage
In mapping the phase of e-government implementation by the disclosure of information, United Nation has the following indicators UN Survey
2008: Stage I - Emerging: A government’s online presence is mainly comprised of
a web page andor an official website; links to ministries or departments of education, health, socialwelfare, labor, and finance maymay not exist.
Much of the information is static and there is a little interaction with citizens.
Stage II - Enhanced: Governments provide more information on public policy and governance. They have created links to archived information
that is easily accessible to citizens, as for instance, documents, forms, reports, laws and regulations, and newsletters.
Stage III - Interactive: Governments deliver online services such as downloadable forms for tax payments and applications for license
renewals. In addition, the beginnings of an interactive portal or website with services to enhance the convenience of citizens are the evident.
183
Stage IV - Transactional: Governments begin to transform themselves by introducing two-way interactions between ‘citizen and government’. It
includes options for paying taxes, applying for ID cards, birth certificates, passports and license renewals, as well as other similar G to C interactions,
and allows the citizen to access these services online 247. All transactions are conducted online.
Stage V - Connected: Governments transform themselves into a connected entity that responds to the needs of its citizens by developing an
integrated back office infrastructure. This is the most sophisticated level of online e-government initiatives and is characterized by:
1. Horizontal connections among government agencies 2. Vertical connections central and local government agencies
3. Infrastructure connections interoperability issues 4. Connections between governments and citizens
5. Connections among stakeholders government, the private sector,
academic institutions, NGOs and civil society.
E-Government in Indonesia According to UN survey 2016, Indonesia was ranked at number 116 out of
196 countries with 0.4478 points on Index of e-government consisting of: 1. Online Service Index OSI
Indonesia Online Service Index OSI is 0.3623 which assessed country’s national website, including the national portal, e-services
portal and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance and
environment as applicable.
2. Telecommunication Infrastructure Index TII
