Teaching Learning Teaching and Learning

commit to user 4

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Teaching and Learning

Education consists of teaching and learning. Therefore, the success of education depends on teaching and learning process.

1. Teaching

Teaching is the part of teaching – learning activity to help the students understand about the material they are learning. According to Brown he defines teaching as “showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand.” Brown, 2007: 7 Hornby in Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary says that “Teaching means the ideas of a particular persongroup especially about politics, religion or society that a re taught to other people” 2005: 1574. Based on the statements above, it can be defined that teaching is the teacher’s effort in giving knowledge and sharing the experiences to guide the students in order to make them understand about the subject they are studying. In teaching activities, teachers are responsible to teach and to guide their students in learning process and to fulfill the goal of learning itself. “They keep students engaged in worthwhile lessons and activities; they monitor their classrooms continually and respond to emerging problems before commit to user they become disruptive; and when possible they intervene in ways that do not disrupt lesson momentum or distract students who are working on assignments” Brophy, 1998:23. The teacher gives a chance for the students to learn independently but the teacher keeps watching them.

2. Learning

Learning is an activity, particularly experienced by the students during the process of study, obtaining knowledge. Hornby in Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary says that “Learning is knowledge that you get from reading and studying”. 2005: 874 According to Longman, there are three de finitions of learning: “to get knowledge of a subject or skill by studying or doing it; to find out more information or news by hearing it from someone else; to realize that something is important, and change the way you behave because of this and get to know something so well that you can easily remember it.” Addison Wesley Longman, 1998: 380 Brown breaks down the components of the definition of learning as follow: 1. Learning is acquisition or “getting”. 2. Learning is retention of information or skill. commit to user 3. Retention implies storage system, memory, cognitive, organization. 4. Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon event outside or inside the organism. 5. Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting. 6. Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice. 7. Learning is a change in behavior. Brown, 2000: 7 From the statements above, it can be concluded that learning is a process to get some information or knowledge, involving some activities done by learners such as studying or practicing something. According to Nana Sudjana, “Learning is a process signed with the presence of someone’s changes. The changes as a result of study can be shown in various forms, such as change in knowledge understanding, behavior and attitude, sk ill, ability, habit, and the other aspects of change that is studied by the learner” Nana Sudjana, 1996: 5 . Similarly, “Learning is relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency and is a result of reinforce practice.”Kimble Garmezy, 1963: 133 From the statement above we can conclude, in learning there would be a process of getting or acquiring knowledge or skill through practice. As a result, commit to user there would be memorizing of information or skill and behavior changes within the learner.

B. Teaching English Pronunciation