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b. Elaborating or exemplifying for instance, other words, etc.
c. contrasting new information with old information or, on the other
hand, etc. d.
Relating new information to what has already been given in terms of causes so, consequently, because, for this reason, etc.
e. or in terms of time formerly, then, in the end, etc.
f. Indicating a new departure or a summary by the way, well, to sum
up, etc. Cook, 1994. There are many words and phrases which can be put into this category
in English, and many different ways in which they can be classified. They indicate the relationship of utterances in the mind or in the world and are thus
in a way contextual Cook, 1994.
2.3 Double Birthday
Characters in Double Birthday short story is face mortality, remember the past, and persist in lives lived against the grain of financial success. Albert
Engelhardt and his uncle with the same name hereafter Albert and Uncle Albert. Fifty-five-year-
old Albert has squandered his family’s fortune, and eighty-year-old Uncle Albert, although once a successful throat doctor,
gambled all his hope on the voice of one young singer —and lost. Albert and
Uncle Albert find meaning in the city by linking together different houses, neighborhoods, and points in history.
The story’s houses are all based on places Cather knew, and the motion between them forms the story’s structure
Joseph C. Murphy, 1973.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This part tells about the research approach, technique of data collection and technique of data analysis. The approach of this study is qualitative research.
The writer analyzes of the data in the short story to answer statement of the problems.
3.1 Research Design
In this study, the writer used descriptive qualitative method for the research because this study intended to find out formal links in short story.
According to Litosseliti 2010:52 “qualitative research is concerned with structures and patterns, but quantitative research focuses on how much or
how many there are of a particular characteristic or item”. Basically, description used in this qualitative research. Qualitative research is an
emergent design in its negotiated outcomes. Meanings and interpretations are negotiated with human data sources because it is the
subjects’ realities that the researcher attempts to reconstruct Lincoln Guba, 1985;
Merriam, 1988. Consider the situation of misunderstanding in reading some texts, the
writer conducted content analysis research. Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts or other
meaningful matter to the contexts of their use Krippendorff, 2004. So that, the writer read the text of short story, especially, words, phrases,
