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language wording will trigger the same impact on the target culture reader as the original wording did upon source text.
They also argued that frequently, the form of the original text is changed; but as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in
the source language, of contextual consistency in the transfer, and of the transformation in target language, the message is persevered and the
translation is faithful Nida and Taber,1982: 200. According to Larson 1984: 15, there are two types of translation:
Form-based and Meaning-based. The first type can be called literal translation, which attempts to follow the form of source language. While the
meaning-based translation attempts to communicate the meaning of source language text in the natural form of the target language and it is also known as
idiomatic translation.
c. Translation as a Process
The process of translation is an act of recreating meaning from the source language into the target language. There are some steps need to be
followed by the translator in the process of translating text. Nida and Taber 1982: 33 create the model of translation process as
follows: A source
B receptor Analysis
Restructuring X Transfer
Y
Figure 1: Translation process by Nida and Taber 1982: 33
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From the figure of translation process by Nida and Taber above, it can be drawn that there are three steps in translation process; 1 analysis analysis
the meaning of the source text, which includes the analysis of the grammatical relationship and the meaning of the words and combination of
words, 2 transfer, in which the analyzed material is transfer in the mind of translator from language A to language B, and 3 restructuring, the
transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the target language.
Meanwhile, similar model of translation process is given by Bell 1991: 20. He states that the translation process is the transformation of a
source language text into a target language text by means of processes which take place within memory: 1 the analysis of one language-specific text the
source language text, the SLT into a universal non-language-specific semantic representation and 2 the synthesis of that semantic representation
into a second language-specific text the target language text, TLT.
Figure 2: Translation process by Bell 1991: 20
Source Language Text
Memory
Target Language Text
Analysis
Semantic Represent
Synthesis
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Machali 2000: 33-39 explains that translation must be able to communicate or to act as “the bridges of meaning” between the manufacturers
of the source text to the receptor text reader. Translation is an act of communication that conveys messages from authors to readers. In process
translation, Machali also explains that the translation must be corrected and re-corrected repeatedly.
Figure 3: Translation process by Machali 2000: 33-39
On other hand, Larson has almost similar theory about how to translate the source text into the target text. In his book, Larson 1984: 4 states that
translation consists of three steps: 1 studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source
language text; 2 analyzing the source language text to determine the meaning; 3 reconstructing the same meaning by using the lexical and
grammatical structure which the suitable in the receptor language and its cultural context.
Figure 4: Translation process by Larson 1984: 4
Analysis 1
Transfer Analysis 2
Transfer Correction 1 Analysis 3
Transfer correction 2 …etc
Source Language Receptor Language
Text to be translated
Discover the meaning
MEANING Re-express the meaning
Translation
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Dealing with the steps that must be done in the translation process, in order to make a good translation, the translator must understand more in each
process of translation not only in the final product. Thus, translation is not an easy process unless it is done carefully and correctly. Furthermore, it will
produce a good translation with the best meaning accuracy.
d. Definitions of Meaning
