MEANING EQUIVALENCE OF MODULATION TECHNIQUES IN GIE’S BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH MOVIE TEXTS.
A THESIS
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature
MOHAMMAD NOOR PAMUNGKAS 11211144002
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
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Nama : Mohammad Noor Pamungkas
NIM : 11211144002
Program Studi : Sastra Inggris
Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
JudulSkripsi : MEANING EQUIVALENCE OF MODULATION
TECHNIQUES IN GIE’S BAHASA INDONESIA
-ENGLISH MOVIE TEXTS
Menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan sendiri. Sepanjang pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain, kecuali bagian-bagian tertentu yang saya ambil sebagai contoh acuan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang lazim.
Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, hal itu sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab saya.
Yogyakarta, 23 Maret 2017 Penulis,
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Whatever you do, do it wholeheartedly and
do your best.
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I owe my very existence. I thank Him for allowing me to experience many difficult processes in difficult times. Furthermore, I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to the following people who made this thesis possible.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Drs. Asruddin B. Tou, M.A., Ph.D., my first supervisor as well as my academic advisor and Rachmat Nurcahyo, S.S., M.A., my second supervisor, for their patience, time, encouragement, and insightful comment. Without their assistance and dedication involvement, this thesis would have never been accomplished. I would like to thank them very much for their support and understanding.
My huge gratitude goes to my parents, Drs. Suparnadi and Dra. Tutik Wahyuti, MM. for their unconditional love and support in all aspects of my life. Moreover, I also would like to thank my sister and brother, Retnaningtyas Noor Pangestuti, S. Pi., and Bastian Noor Pribadi, S.H., for their support in numerous ways.
I would like to devote my great appreciation to AbdiBaniYanuar, S.S., and Ade Garinta Rahmawati, S.S., for giving me the idea and big deal of support since this writing was started. Moreover, my warm thank also goes to my beloved comrades in English Literature G 2011 and Translation Class.
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criticism for the betterment of this thesis would be highly appreciated.
Yogyakarta, March 23th, 2017
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RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii
SURAT PERNYATAAN ... iv
MOTTO ... v
DEDICATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv
ABSTRACT ... xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of the Research ... 3
C. Objectives of the Research ... 5
D. Significance of the Research ... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 7
A. Theoretical Review ... 7
1 Translation ... 7
a. Notions of Translation ... 7
b. Types of Translation ... 8
c. Process of Translation ... 9
d. Translation Methods ... 11
1) Source-Language-Oriented Method ... 12
2) Target-Language-Oriented Method ... 13
e. Translation Techniques ... 13
1) Direct Translation ... 14
2) Oblique ... 15
2 Modulation ... 17
a. Notions of Modulation ... 17
b. Types of Modulation ... 18
3 Equivalences in Translation ... 22
a. Formal Equivalence ... 22
b. Dynamic Equivalence ... 23
4 Translation Quality Assessment ... 23
5 Degrees of Meaning Equivalence ... 24
a. Optimum Translation ... 24
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6 Previous Study ... 28
B. About the Movie ... 29
C. Conceptual Framework ... 31
D. Analytical Construct ... 32
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS ... 34
A. Type of Research ... 34
B. Data and Data Sources ... 34
C. Instruments of Research ... 35
D. Technique of Data Collection ... 37
E. Technique of Data Analysis ... 37
F. Trustworthiness of the Data ... 39
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 41
A. Findings ... 41
B. Discussion ... 44
1. Types of Modulation Techniques in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia- English Movie Texts ... 44
2. Degrees of Meaning Equivalence of Bahasa Indonesia- English Expressions Using Modulation Techniques in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie Texts ... 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 75
A. Conclusion ... 75
B. Suggestions ... 76
REFERENCES ... 78
APPENDICES ... 80
A. The Types of Modulation and Degrees of Meaning Equivalence In Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie Texts ... 81
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Types of Modulation Degrees of Meaning Equivalence AFC : Abstract for Concrete OPT : Optimum Translation EPM : Explicative Modulation PAR : Partial Translation
PTW : Part to Whole NOT : Near Optimum Translation PAP : Part to Another Part WET : Weak Translation
ROT : Reversal of Terms ZER : Zero Equivalence NOP : Negative of Opposite
AFP : Active for Passive (and vice versa)
SFT : Space for Time IAL : Interval of Limits COS : Change of Symbol Code (001/AFP/NOT)
001 : Number of the datum AFP : Type of Modulation applied
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Mohammad Noor Pamungkas 11211144002
ABSTRACT
The objectives of the research are (1) to describe the types of modulation techniques employed in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, and (2) to describe the degrees of meaning equivalence of Bahasa Indonesia – English expressions using modulation found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
This research employed qualitative method. The data sources of this research were Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. The data were expression units representing modulation techniques that are located within sentence units of analysis, which are derived from the main character’s expressions in dialogues. The technique of data collection was note-taking. The technique of data analysis was referential analysis. Triangulation was used to establish the reliability of the data and to ensure the findings. Hence, it can enhance the trustworthiness of the data.
The results of this research are explained as follows. First, there are nine types of modulation technique found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, namely abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another, reversal of terms, interval for limits, active for passive, negation of opposite, and change of symbol. There is no single datum that belongs to space for time. Of the nine types, part to whole is the most occurring type with 30 occurrences. It indicates that the translator tries to making the language sounds as general as possible in the target language. Thus, the movie can be easily understood by the readers of the target language. Second, it can be said that the translator quite succeeds in translating the subtitle. It can be seen that the most expression translated using modulation technique reach optimum translation and near optimum translation which are 114 data or 79.2%. Meanwhile, the rest or 30 data or 20.8% reach weak translation and zero equivalence. The findings indicate that the translation is quite equivalent in meaning.
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1 A. Background of the Study
Translation is commonly understood as an activity of transferring source language (SL) texts into equivalent target language (TL) texts. It aims to reproduce texts in the same or in different languages. It has been an important study at the present time. We can see the essential roles of translation in the daily life. The need of information which comes from different places with different languages now can be accessed in a very short time by translation.
The way of communication has been varied in many ways. The media of communications are also diverging in many forms. Radio, recorded music, newspaper, magazine, and movie are some of examples of communication media. From the examples that have been mentioned before, movie is one of the most popular media of communication. It allows viewers to depict kind of society life and even civilization of one society. In other words, movie is a method of understanding an event which happened in different time and place.
Almost every country in the world has its own movie industry. In order to spread the movie worldwide, it is inevitable that the movie maker should transfer the language of the movie into the language of the country which becomes the target of their expansion.
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Subtitle is a common method of giving understanding about the movie content into another language used by the viewer. Subtitle can be defined as caption. Caption is transcription of movie or TV dialogue that presented simultaneously on the screen. Subtitles usually consist of one or two lines of average maximum length of 35 characters. As a rule, subtitles are placed on the bottom of the picture and are either centred or left-aligned. Therefore, it can be concluded that subtitlingis words that translate what is said in a movie into a different language and usually appears at the center bottom of the screen. Since the researcher uses a movie as the subject of analysis, there will be subtitle as the part of investigation in conducting this research. In this research the term subtitle refers to the movie texts.
A subtitle translator should pay attention in transferring the meaning from the source language into the target language. The information which is intended to deliver has to be comprehensible to a target audience. It is because most of the time, problems arise when translating texts with different background in culture. One of the problems is the matter of perspective. That is why the translator should understand well about the contexts of both of the texts.
Concerning with the explanation above, it is interesting to analyze and conduct a research related to the perspective change contained in the movie texts. The writer chooses the movie entitled Gie and its Bahasa Indonesia movie texts as the subject of the research. The movie is directed by Riri Riza. It was released on
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July, 14th 2005. This movie is about Soe Hok Gie who is known as an activist and nature lover from University of Indonesia. The story of the movie is based on the diary Catatan Seorang Demonstran written by Soe himself. This movie has been awarded as the best movie at the 2005 Indonesian Movie Festival.
The way the translator made the subtitle is quite unpredictable. Some of the form is changed and some other are preserved. These phenomena occurred due to the difference of perspective between both languages. However, the changes are often unbearable in order to keep the messages of the movie well accepted by the target viewers. For example, when Gie’s teacher answers Gie’s protest by saying “Kamu yang tukang becak!”, in the subtitle, the expression is translated into “And you are no better than one!”. The significant difference in both sentences is when the comparison of Gie with pedicab driver turns into a new perspective change since perhaps the sense of comparing people in Indonesia is not the same as in the other places. There are a lot of changes of perspective which are done by the translator in this movie. The researcher thinks that the changes are made solely because of the cultural differences.
B. Focus of the Research
This movie is selected by the writer because of the historical value and the diversity of the language used in the setting. It becomes interesting since the writer finds that there are some problems in the subtitles which are worth to be analyzed.
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However, this research only focuses on Bahasa Indonesia translated into English in order to prevent problem expansion in this research.
Actually, there are many translation techniques which are used by the translator in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. The technique which is closely related to modulation is transposition. While transposition requires the change in form of expression, modulation requires the change in both of form and perspective. The researcher assumed that modulation is more complicated yet challenging.
A translator will be faced by many kind of obstacles if they just translate a text based on the literal meaning. It is because the way to see a phenomenon in one culture and the other varies in many ways. For example, the expression ‘Apa yang lebih puitis selain berbicara tentang kebenaran?’ as found in the subtitle, is translated into ‘What could be more poetic than die defending the truth?’ The word ‘berbicara’ here is translated into ‘die defending’ which has the sense of emphasizing the meaning of the source language that is also more common in the target language.
The researcher wants to figure out the types of modulation technique found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. After it has been figured out, the result is assessed based on the degrees of meaning equivalence. Finally, below is the formulation of the problems.
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1. What are the type of modulation techniquesemployed in Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia-English movie texts?
2. What are the degrees of meaning equivalence of Bahasa Indonesia-English expressions using modulation techniques in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-Englishmovie texts?
C. Objectives of the Research
With the reference to the research problems, the objectives of the research are: 1. To describe the type of modulation techniques employed in Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia-English movie texts, and
2. to describe the degrees of meaning equivalence of Bahasa Indonesia-English expressions using modulation techniquesin Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
D. Significance of the Research
Based on the background and the objectives, this study is expected to provide theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically, this research is expected to enrich and give additional information in the field of translation studies.
Practically, this research is expected to give benefits to the English Language and Literature students who want to elevate their knowledge of translation studies especially on modulation techniques and the degrees of meaning
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equivalence. Besides, this research is also expected to give an alternative idea and additional reference in conducting a similar research with different subject.
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7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Theoretical Review
1. Translation
a. Notions of Translation
There are various definitions of translation proposed by many experts. Basically, they have something in common about the notion. Newmark (1988:5) states that translation is a process rendering the meaning of the text into another language in the way the author intended the text.
Dubois in Bell (1991: 5) defines translation as an expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. Therefore, the content and the style of the original text should be preserved as far as possible in the translated text. Furthermore, Catford in Leonardi (2000) defines that translation is the changing process of one source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). The explanations above seem simpler that the translator only needs to translate the target text in way that he/she wants to. As the matter of fact, translation not only changes the meaning from the source language into target language, but also has to make sure that the target readers receive the original sense of the expression. Therefore, Thriveni (2002:2) defines that translation is not
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simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. In other words, a translator should know in what way he should translates the text in order to produce a translated text that fulfilled the requirements of a good translation.
To bind the definitions above, the researcher concludes that translation is an act of replacing the meaning or message from source language to target language regarding with the equivalent essence in target language by using an appropriate way. That is why the translator should have translation skills and good understanding about all the aspects from both languages.
b. Types of Translation
According to Jakobson as cited in Bassnett (2002: 23) there are three types of translation, namely interlingual translation, intralingual translation, and intersemiotic translation. Each is explained below.
1) Interlingual Translation
Interlingual translation can be defined as the interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of some other language. In other words, interlingual refers to the different languages, whether bilingual or multilingual. It is called a bilingual translation because it transfers the message of a language into different language. Interlingual is most often done because many books and movies use foreign language.
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Intralingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language. It involves explaining in it words of the same language. It is called monolingual translation since it only involves one language. The usual forms of this type of translation are rewording and paraphrasing. For example, the word great is translated into excellent.
3) Intersemiotic Translation
Intersemiotic translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of non-verbal sign systems. It transfers the message from the shape of symbol and sign into the language or other shapes. This phenomenon often occurs in our daily life. When we are trying to understand the meaning of a traffic sign, it means we have to transfer the non-verbal sign into a descriptive language.
c. Process of Translation
Translation is the process of translating something from one language to another. In order to translate well from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL), a translator should follow some steps, namely process of translation. According to Nida and Taber in Munday (2001: 39-40), the translation process consists of three stages. The process of translation can be illustrated in Figure 1 below.
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Figure 1. The Process of Translation Proposed by Nida and Tabber There are three stages in translating process, namely, analyzing, transferring, and restructuring. The first stage is analyzing. The source language structure is analyzed grammatically and semantically (including the meaning of words, the meaning of phrases, and the meaning of the whole text) to feel the tone and to get the feeling of the text. In this stage, the first thing to do is analyzing the text before translating it.
The second stage is transferring. It means analyzing material that is transferred in the translator’s mind from the source language to the receptor language. The last stage is restructuring. It means the analyzed material is reconstructed in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor
Source Language Receptor Language
(Text) (Translation)
Analyzing Restructuring
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language. In this stage, the translator tries to make the result of the target text as natural as the source text.
d. Translation Methods
According to Larson in Kozanecka (1998: 143), translation methods can be divided into two types. The first type is a form-based or literal translation. The second one is a meaning-based or idiomatic translation. Both method spread in the continuum from very literal to unduly free. Furthermore, Larson in Kozanecka (1998: 143) states that unduly free translations are not considered acceptable translation and suggests idiomatic translations as the best way since it reproduces the meaning of the source language in the natural form of the receptor language. The continuum can be illustrated in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2. The Translation Methods According to Larson
Translation methods can be divided into two types. The first one is the method closest to the source language, namely source-language-oriented method. The second method is the method closest to the target language, namely target language oriented method. Each is described in the following illustrations.
Literal Unduly
Free Very
literal
Idiomatic Near
Idiomatic Inconsistent
Mixture Modified
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12 1) Source-Language-Oriented Method
Source-language-oriented method can be divided into four categories, namely word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation. Each category is explained below.
a) Word-for-word translation
The source language is translated word for word. b) Literal translation
The source grammatical forms are converted to their nearest target language equivalent. However, the lexical words are translated out of context.
c) Faithful translation
This method tries to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the differences in target language grammatical structures. It transfers cultural word and follows the source language grammatical form faithfully.
d) Semantic translation
This method concerns on the aesthetic value or the beautiful and natural sound of the source language text. In addition, the method tries to seek the appropriate meaning.
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13 2) Target-Language-Oriented Method
Target-language-oriented method is divided into four categories. Those are free translation, adaptation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. The explanation of each category is presented below.
a) Free translation
Free translation is the translation that is not bounded to structure and manner b) Adaptation
This category is the freest form of translation. It is frequently used for plays (comedies) and poetry.
c) Idiomatic translation
This category aims to reproduce the message of the source text. Yet, it tends to shift or change the nuances of meaning by preferring idioms.
d) Communicative translation
This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original, so that both content and language are acceptable to the readers and can be understood comprehensively.
e. Translation Techniques
Translation techniques are the micro units of translation method. They aim at analyzing how the result of translation functions in relation to the corresponding unit in the source text (Molina and Albir, 2002: 499).
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Furthermore, Vinay and Dalbelnet in Lili (2009: 1) are two scholars who divide translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose. Both of them define seven basic techniques that are classified into two general classifications, namely direct and oblique. Each the category is explained below.
1) Direct Translation
Direct translation consists of three techniques, namely borrowing, calque, and literal translation. Translator uses this technique when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed directly into the target language.
a) Borrowing
Borrowing is the idea of taking the word from the source language (SL) and maintaining it in the target language (TL). It is considered as the simplest technique and tends to be employed in two situations: either when discussing a new technical process for which no term exists within the target language (TL), or when translator wants to use the foreigner term to add flavor to the target text (TT). For example, the English word computer has been applied directly into other languages. The advantage of using this technique is that the original connotation will be perfectly delivered to the target language.
b) Calque
Calque is a ‘special kind’ of borrowing. A calque is adopted when an expression from the source text (ST) is transferred literally into the target text (TT).
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The translation using calque imitates the structure of manner of an expression of the source language, the structure of the translation is usually stranger from the target language. For example, the phrase photo studio is translated into foto studio
in Bahasa Indonesia.
c) Literal Translation
Literal translation can be defined as word for word translation. The structure of the translation will be the same as the structure in the source language. It is used the most common in translating between languages of the same family and culture. For example, ‘the car is broken’ in English will be translated as ‘mobilnya rusak’ in Bahasa Indonesia.
2) Oblique Translation
Oblique consists of four techniques, namely transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. Translators usually employ oblique translation when word for word translation is impossible.
a) Transposition
Vinay and Darbelnet referred to transposition as changing word class without changing meaning. It refers to the changing of one part of speech for another i.e., verb for noun, noun for prepositionn. Transposition also can be found in a language; ‘I give him a massage’ is semantically no difference from ‘I massage him’ though the word ‘massage’ is changed from a noun into verb.
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16 b) Modulation
Closely related to transposition which is a shift in grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Modulation can be adopted when, though literal or transposition translation results grammatically correct utterance, the patterns of target language in the target text are considered as abnormal or awkward. For instance, the words in source language “Be my guest” is transformed into Bahasa Indonesia “Silahkan” instead of “Jadilah tamu saya”.
c) Equivalence
Equivalence usescompletely different phrases for two expressions (source and target expressions) in the same situation. It refers to a strategy to describe the same situation by using completely different stylistic or structural methods for producing ‘equivalent texts’. e.g., the translation of proverbs or idiomatic expressions like, “Killing two birds in one shot” into “Sekali merengkuh dayung, dua tiga pulau terlampaui”.
d) Adaptation
It is a shift in cultural environment. It refers to a method used in cases where the type of situation being referred to by the source languagemessage is unknown in the target language culture. i.e., to express the message using a different situation, e.g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for the Americans.
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17 2. Modulation
a. Notions of Modulation
Modulation is basically a technique which the translator use to find a solution of the gap that appear when a text is translated literally by changing the perspective. The main aim of employing modulation isto make the sentence more appropriate to the point of view of the target reader. Based on Vinay and Darbelnet’s opinion, modulation is a shift in point of view (Molina and Albir, 2002). Modulation can be either obligatory or free (Guimaraes and Mota, 2005: 359). It is the degree that distinguishes both terms. In obligatory modulation, the translator with good knowledge both in SL and TL can recognize the frequent use and acceptance of the chosen solution, which has been already written in the dictionary or grammar book.
Van Hoof in Salkie (2001: 3) provides a different perspective on modulation, which he describes as a type of transposition at the global level, applying to categories of thought, not grammatical categories. With modulation, there will be different point of view on the same situation.
The modulationtechniques employed in this research are based on Vinay and Darbelnet definition, in which modulation occurs because there is a shift in perspective because of different point of view in source language to target language. There are ten types of modulation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet that will be discussed in the following part.
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18 b. Types of Modulation
The classification of modulation proposed by Vinay & Darbelnet is based on the nature of mental operations underlying each type of modulation. Vinay and Dalbennet divide modulation into ten types. Each is explained below.
1) Abstract for Concrete
This type of modulation reforms the abstract expression from the source language into concrete one, since concrete words are recognized and rememberred better than the abstract words. The example of abstract of modulation can be seen below.
ST : There was stillno sign of Jim TT : Jim belumkelihatan juga
The phrase “still no sign of Jim” is literally translated “tidak ada tanda – tanda Jim”. It means that Jim does not exist in that place in the time the utterance is
spoken. This is rather abstract for Indonesian readers, since in order to reveal the existence, people usually use the word ‘kelihatan’ not ‘tanda –tanda’.
2) Explicative Modulation
Explicative modulation tends to make clear the implicit meaning. In other words, it makes something explicit into implicit. This type of modulation is such as the cause for effect, the means for the result, and the substance for the object. The use of explicative modulation is illustrated below.
ST : ...with a gentleness that was almost an anachronism
TT :…dengan kelembutan yang nyaris tak sesuai lagi dengan zaman modern ini.
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The phrase “an anachronism” is noun phrase, however, the translation is the form adverbial phrase. Furthermore, it can be seen that the phrase ‘an anachronism’ when being literally translated, will be “anakhronisme”. Then, this term is described with its definition into “nyaris tak sesuai lagi dengan zaman modern ini”.
3) Part to Whole
Part-whole modulation is when a specific term is translated into more general one. It is also called as synecdoche. The use of part to whole can be seen below.
ST : Will you give me your word? TT : Maukah kau berjanji?
The phrase “give me your word” which means “pegang kata – katamu” is a
part of “promise” and it is translated properly into target text to be “berjanji”.
4) Part to Another Part
This modulation type occurs when there is certain part of thing is translated into another part. The use of part to another part is illustrated below.
ST : It is time to leave for work
TT : Sudah waktunya berangkat ke kantor
It can be seen that the phrase “leave for work” when being literally translated will be “berangkat kerja”. However, this phrase is translated into another
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20 5) Reversal of Terms
Reversal of term is a distinct technique, usually optional for making language sounds natural in the target language. The use of reversal of term can be seen below.
ST : “….and go on with her treatment as an outpatient” TT : “…dan berobat jalan saja”
It can be seen that the phrase “…go on with her treatment as an outpatient” when being literally translated will be “menjalani perawatan dengan menjadi pasien berobat jalan”. However, this phrase is translated into “berobat jalan saja”.
6) Negation of Opposite
Negation of opposite is positive for double negative (or ‘double negative for positive') and it is a concrete translation technique which can be applied in principle to any action (verb) or quality (adjective or adverb). The translations are free, and in theory the double negative is not as forceful as the positive; in fact the force of the double negative depends on the tone of voice, and therefore the appropriateness of this modulation must depend on its formulation and the context. This type of modulation is similar to litotes. The use of negative of opposite is presented below.
ST : or at least they would be familiar face
TT : atau paling tidak wajah mereka tidak asing lagi bagi anda
The word “familiar” is translated into “tidak asing”. The word “asing” or “strange” is the negation of “familiar”, so that the phrase “tidak asing” is the negation of opposite of the word “familiar”.
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21 7) Active for Passive
It is a common technique used by translators. It becomes mandatory when no passive exists and it can also be advisable where a reflexive is normally preffered to a passive. The use of active for passive can be illustrated below.
ST :Ashleywas employed at Global Computer Graphics Corporation
TT : Ashley bekerja di Global Computer Graphics Corporation
The phrase “was employed” literally translated “dipekerjakan”, which is
passive form. However, in this expression the translator changes it into active form “bekerja” and it is more accepted in the target language rather than “dipekerjakan”.
8) Space for Time
This technique happens when an expression in the space term is translated into expression that representing time. The use of space for time is presented below.
ST : ….it was only when Ashley on her way back to the office TT : ….dalam perjalanan kembali ke kantornya
The phrase “when Ashley was on her way back to the office...” is indicating time and it is translated into “Dalam perjalanan kembali ke kantornya”, which indicates spatial condition.
9) Interval for Limit
Interval for limit is when a word or phrase indicates interval is translated into a word or phrase which shows limitation. The use of interval for limit can be seen in the following example.
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ST : I wonder if I could speak to you alone for a few minutes?" TT : Bisakah saya berbicara berdua saja dengan Anda sebentar?
The phrase “for a few minutes” which indicates interval is translated into “sebentar” which indicates limitation.
10) Change of Symbol
Change of symbol refers to a metaphor which is transfered into fixed or new metaphor based on the different images of the both languages. The use of change of symbol is can be explained in the following illustrations.
ST : Dr. Patterson could be a cash cow for us
TT : Dr. Patterson bisa menjadi sapi perah untuk kita
The phrase “a cash cow”, which means someone or something which is employed to get a lot of money and benefit, is translated into “sapi perah”, which has the same meaning in the target language.
3. Equivalence in Translation
Nida and Taber (1982: 200) argue that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal and dynamic equivalence. Below is the detailed explanation of each type of equivalence provided by the two theorists.
a. Formal Equivalence
Formal equivalence consists of a target language item which represents the closest equivalent of a source language word or phrase. Nida and Taber also argue that there are not always formal equivalent between language pairs. They suggest that these formal equivalent should be used wherever possible. The formal
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equivalence according to these theorists is associated with grammatical units, consistency in word usage and meanings in therms of the source context.
b. Dynamic Equivalence
Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to the decision made by the translator to translate the meaning of the target language with words that will trigger the same impact on the target readers as well as it did to the source language readers. They argue that frequentlythe form of the original text is changed. Yet, as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in the source language such as contextual consistency in the transferand transformation in the receptor language, the message is preserved and the translation is faithful. 4. Translation Quality Assessment
There has been a crucial increase on the study of translation quality assessment recently. The arguments has always been vary due to the different conception of assessment, evaluation, criticism and any other attempts to judge the way a translator translates one text. Certainly, whatever the conception is, the theory in assessing a translation should be qualitative enough in order to help the process of assessment feasible and plausible.
The purpose of this research is to find out whether the modulation techniques used in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie textsis equivalence in meaning or not. Thus, the researcher will examine the quality of the translation by using Bayar’s method of degrees of meaning equivalence. The parameters of
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degrees of meaning equivalence employed here are suggested by Bayar (2007: 213) namely, optimum translation, partial translation (near optimum translation & weak translation), zero equivalence, and non-translation.
5. Degrees of Meaning Equivalence
Translation equivalence is associated with various degrees of meaning equivalence. Furthermore, equivalents are analysed based on how the units of equivalence in translations correspond to the units in the source texts. Bayar (2007: 213-223), for instance, suggests four types of equivalence degree.
a. Optimum Translation
It is characterised by equivalence at all the levels. However, optimum or absolute equivalence is claimed to be impossible to reach as structures of languages differ. Since optimum translation appears as soon as equivalence is maintained at all the levels mentioned above and no variations or uncertainties are possible in this case. A translation that reaches optimum translation can be seen in the example below.
ST: Will you give me your word? TT: Maukah kau berjanji?
From the expressions above, all elements in the source text aretranslated into target text. The form and the style is maintained. The phrase “give me your word” is a part of “promise” and it is translated properly into“berjanji”. Therefore, the translation is accepted and reachesoptimum equivalence.
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25 b. Partial Translation
Partial translation is divided into two sub-types, namely near optimum translation and weak translation. Each is explained below.
1) Near Optimum Translation
Near optimum translation is quite close to optimum translation as only some insignificant uncertainties are exhibited in the translated headlines of this degree, while the main idea and the information (especially at the semantic level which is very important in maintaining the meaning and the same effect of the whole headline) is conveyed. It is exhibited when:
a) expressions do not correspond stylistically, b) the form is rendered in a different way,
c) the semantic equivalence is conveyed (but very insignificant or nonessential inaccuracy might appear at semantic level), and
d) the same information is maintained.
An expression that reach near optimum translation can be seen in the following example.
ST: Are we on for Saturday night? TT: Sabtu ini kita jadi?
From the expressions above, the phrase “Saturday night” is translated into “Sabtu” which is equivalence but the meaning will nonessential. Altough the information is still maintained, the translation will be more equivalent in meaning if
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the phrase is translated into “Sabtu malam” atau “malam Minggu”. Furthermore, this translation only reaches near optimum equivalence.
2) Weak Translation
It refers to weak degree of equivalence maintained in the expression translation. The translation is considered weak when there is:
a) not enough equivalence or even there is no equivalence at semantic level, b) the form and the style is maintained,
c) the information is conveyed, and
d) additional information is added or some information isomitted.
Expressions that reach weak translation can bee seen in the following example.
ST: He is too good to be true. TT: Tak ada laki-laki seideal itu.
From the expressions above, the information is conveyed into the target text. However, there is additional of information that added by the translator. It can be seen that the expression“He was too good to be true” which is in the positive form is translated into “Tak ada laki–laki seideal itu” which is in the negative form and it negates the sourceexpression. Furthermore, the perspective is also changed and the degree of meaningequivalence is decreased. Therefore, it reaches weak equivalence.
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27 c. Zero Equivalence
Zero equivalence is characterized by several points. The translation is considered as zero when there is:
a) absolutely different wording,
b)a reference to the main idea of the original (the information is different as the semantics of the translated expression as a whole is not maintained),
c) different style, and d)different form.
In other words, the translated expressions with zero equivalence do not exhibit any equivalence at any level. Therefore, there are some common and unifying ideaswhich are expressed differently that will be explained in the following example.
ST: His word’s good enough for me. TT: Yah, apa boleh buat kalau begitu.
The expression “His word's good enough for me” has totally differentmeaning with the expression “Yah, apa boleh buat kalau begitu.” since there aremany changes done by the translator. However, the translation is failed and it makesthe meaning becomes nonsense. Thus, the translation reaches zero equivalence.
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28 d. Non-Translation
Non-translation means that the expression in source text is not translated into target text. Therefore, in the results, there is nothing to analyze.
6. Previous Study
The previous study was conducted by Wulandari. The title of her research was Modulation Technique Employed in the Translation of Sidney Sheldon’s Work
Tell Me Your DreamInto Ceritakan Mimpi-Mimpimu By Listiana Srisanti. She discussed the types of modulation technique found in Tell Me Your Dream novel. She also discussed about the degrees of meaning equivalence of the expressions translated using modulation technique found in the texts.
All the types of modulation technique as proposed by Vinay and Dalbenet appear in the novel Tell Me Your Dreams and its translation Ceritakan Mimpi-Mimpimu. The types of modulation technique are abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms, negation of opposite, active for passive, space for time, interval for limit, and change of symbol.
Meanwhile, related to the second objective, the translated expressions which obtain optimum translation are mostly belonged to active for passive with 28 occurrences out of 78 data. Then, the translated expressions which obtain near optimum translation are mostly belonged to active for passive and change of symbol with 29 occurrences out of 151 data. The translated expressions which
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obtain weak translation are mostly belonged to change of symbol with 21 occurrences out of 73 data. In addition, the translated expressions that reach zero equivalence are mostly belonged to part to another part with 4 occurrences out of 9 data.
Nevertheless, this research has the same two objectives with the previous study. Those are types of modulation technique and the degrees of meaning equivalence of the expressions translated using modulation technique found in the texts. The researcher also applies the same theory for the types of modulation technique which proposed by Vinay and Dalbenet. Then, related to the second objectives, the researcher also applies the same theory of degrees of meaning equivalence which proposed by Bayar (2007).
However, the differences are the object of the research and the result of the data. The previous study used Sydney Sheldon’s Tell Me Your Dreams novel, while this research used the movie entitled Gie and its Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts as the object.
B. About the Movie
Gie is an Indonesian movie directed by Riri Riza, starring Nicholas Saputra as the main character. This movie was released theatrically on 2005. It is based on a true story of Soe Hok Gie’s life, from the book entitled Soe Hok Gie: Catatan Seorang Demonstran.
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It started with the Indonesian Revolution in 1957. Gie is an Indonesian-Chinese who lived in the era of 1960’s. He is a history student of University of Indonesia. He has been known as a nature lover and a critical activist who sounds great concern about his collapsing nation. Furthermore, he loves to explore mountains and admire the great beauty of nature.
As a child, Gie is different from his friends. Not only honest, heis also known as a bold man. Young Gie grew up to be intolerant with injustice. His attitude made him unacceptable for his surroundings. His struggle became much more complicated as he grew up. His university life which should be free from political intrigue, became an arena of existing political parties and certain interests intrigue. He is active on opposing the dictatorship of Soekarno. Gie is well aware of the social injustice, power abuse, and corruption under the government of Soekarno. He speaks out against it in group discussion, student unions, and wrote sharp criticism in the media.
He dreamt of Indonesia that is truly founded on justice, equality, and righteousness. He is more critical to the government which began to act arbitrarily to raise the prices of the things in the market. His heart is sad to see people queuing to get their basic needs like food.
Unfortunately, because of his boldness, people around him started to leave him one by one. His best friend left him and the woman he loved rejects him.It happens because their idealism was slowly erased by the reality of life. Only nature
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which can accept him the way he is. Gie died on the summit of the highest mountain in Java, just a day before his 27th birthday.
C. Conceptual Framework
This study is formulated to analyze the occurrence of modulation techniques and the degrees of meaning equivalence in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. The expected objectives of this research are; to describe the types of modulation technique found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, and to describe the degrees of meaning equivalence of expressions and its translated version using modulation technique in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.To carry out this research, the researcher applies a theory that proposed by Vinay &Darbelnet in Molina and Albir (2002) for the types of modulation techniqueand a theory that suggested by Bayar (2007) for the degrees of meaning equivalence.
The classification of modulation proposed by Vinay &Darbelnet in Molina and Albir (2002) is based on the nature of mental operations underlying each type of modulation. Vinay and Dalbenet divide modulation into ten types, namely abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms, negation of opposite, active for passive, space for time, interval for limit, and change of symbol.
Furthermore, in order to describe the degrees of meaning equivalence, the researcher employs a theory that is suggested by Bayar (2007). Translation
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equivalence is associated with various degrees of meaning equivalence. Equivalents are analysed based on how the units of equivalence in translations correspond to the units in the source texts. He suggests five types of equivalence degrees: optimum translation, partialtranslationthatisdividedintotwo; near optimum translationandweaktranslation, zero equivalenceand non-translation.
Gie movie is selected by the writer because of the historical value and the diversity of the language used in the setting. It becomes interesting since the writer found that there are some problems in the subtitles which are worth to be analysed. Therefore, the researcher wants to figure out the type of modulation techniques found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. After it has been figured out, the result is assessed based on the degrees of meaning equivalence.
D. Analytical Construct
The researcher has drawn a figure showing the framework that the researcher works on. This figure is made in order to make the readers understand easily about what is being discussed in this research. The analytical construct of this research can be seen in Figure 3.
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Figure 3. The Analytical Construct
Quality
Target Text
Gie’s English
movie texts
Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia movie texts Intersemiotic Translation Interlingual Translation Intralingual Translation Translation Techniques Direct Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Calque
1. Abstract for Concrete 2. Explicative Modulation 3. Part to Whole
4. Part to Another Part 5. Reversal of Terms 6. Negative of Opposite 7. Active for Passive 8. Space for Time 9. Interval for Limit 10. Change of Symbol
Oblique Translation Transposition
Equivalence Adaptation Modulation
Meaning Equivalence of Modulation Techniques in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English MovieTexts Bilingual Translation Multilingual Translation
Types of Translation
Degrees of Meaning Equivalence Non Translation Zero Equivalence Partial Translation (Near Optimum and Weak Translation) Optimum Translation
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34 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Type of the Research
Since the objectives were to describe the types of modulation and the degrees of meaning equivalence in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, this research was considered as qualitative research. Qualitative method is a research procedure which presents the descriptive data in the form of written or oral data from the subjects of research being observed (Bodgan and Biklen, 1982: 39-48).
B. Data and Data Sources
The data sources of this research were the movie entitled Gie and its Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. The Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts were downloaded from a reliable internet source, i.e. http://www.subscene.com.The data were expression units representing modulation techniques that are located within sentence units of analysis, which are derived from the main character’s expressions in dialogues. The main character was chosen since he is the central person in the story. He is faced with a conflict that must be resolved. In addition, he is vital to the development and resolution of the conflict. In other words, the plot and the resolution of the conflict revolve around him. Moreover, he generates the action of the story and engages the viewer’s interest and empathy.
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C. Instruments of the Research
The primary instrument of the research was the researcher himself since it employeda qualitative research. He acted as the planner, the collector, the observer, the analyst, and the reporter of the findings.
Furthermore, the secondary instrument of this research is the data sheet which was used to collect sentence units of analysis in which expression units representing modulation techniques are located. The same expression units in question in the same data sheet as an instrument are also analysed to measure the degrees of meaning equivalence. Table 1 illustrated the form of the data sheet used to collect the data.
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Table 1.Sample Data Sheet of Types of Modulationand Degrees of Meaning Equivalence
TIMES CODE SETTING DATA TYPES OF MODULATION DEGREES OF MEANING
EQUIVALENCE SOURCE TEXT
AFC EPM PTW PAP ROT NOP AFP SFT IFL COS OPT PAR ZER TARGET TEXT
NOT WET
List of Abbreviations Types of Modulation
AFC : Abstract for Concrete EPM : Explicative Modulation PTW : Part to Whole
PAP : Part to Another Part ROT : Reversal of Terms NOP : Negation of Opposite
AFP : Active for Passive (and vice versa) SFT : Space for Time
IFL : Interval for Limits COS : Change of Symbol
Degrees of MeaningEquivalence OPT : Optimum Translation PAR : Partial Translation
NOT : Near-Optimum Translation WET : Weak Translation
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D. Technique of Data Collection
The researcher used analysis of documents by note-taking to collect the data in this research. Note-taking is appropriate to describe and interpret the data because the researcher analyzed the modulation technique and the degrees of meaning equivalence through Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
In collecting the data, the researcher took the following some steps: 1. watching Gie movie,
2. taking notes of the data from the Bahasa Indonesia dialogues and the Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts which were in accordance with the objectives of the research,
3. recording the collected data into the data sheet, and 4. coding the data to make it easier in the analysis. E. Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher employed referential analysis to analyze the data in which the researcher analyzed the data based on the theory explored. The procedures in data analysis were mentioned in the following steps.
1. The researcher selected and classified the valid and relevant data. The data were reduced in order to simplify the data. The data reduction was done by separating the relevant data from those considered irrelevant.
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2. The researcher coded the data to ease the analysis. In the data, many expressions were translated using modulation techniques. Each expression is belonged into certain types of modulation technique. Furthermore, the expression also reveals the degree of equivalence. In order to identify certain expressions, thus, the researcher created certain codes. The list of codes is presented below.
Types of Modulation Degrees of Meaning Equivalence AFC : Abstract for Concrete OPT : Optimum Translation EPM : Explicative Modulation PAR : Partial Translation
PTW : Part to Whole NOT : Near Optimum Translation PAP : Part to Another Part WET : Weak Translation
ROT : Reversal of Terms ZER : Zero Equivalence NOP : Negative of Opposite
AFP : Active for Passive (and vice versa)
SFT : Space for Time IAL : Interval of Limits COS : Change of Symbol
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Furthermore, each datum was given a data code. The example of data code was presented below.
Code (001/AFP/NOT)
001 : Number of the datum AFP : Type of Modulation applied
NOT : Type of Degree of Meaning Equivalence
3. applying the trustworthiness of the data by doing analyst triangulation,
4. describing and interpreting the data in order to answer the problems formulation as stated in Chapter 1, and
5. drawing conclusion based on the result of the research. F. Trustworthiness of Data
To gain the trustworthiness of the data, the researcher conducted deep and detail study. The researcher employed triangulation technique to enhance the trustworthiness of the data. Wahyuni (2012: 40) says to increase the credibility of thedata, normally people use several data sources and different methods which is called triangulation.
To achieve those trustworthiness’ criteria, triangulation process and peerdiscussion were conducted. Triangulation means a method used to check the datatrustworthiness by engaging something outside the data in order the data can beverified and compared (Moleong, 2007: 128). In order to receive
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datatrustworthiness, three types of triangulation, which are source triangulation, analyst triangulation, and theory triangulation have been done by the researcher. Source triangulation was done to check whether the result changes when the data are changed several times. Analyst triangulation was done to improve the understanding; it was done through peer discussion with others and this process is called “member checks”. The last type is theory triangulation. This is defined as the utilization of some theories so that falsity of the result can be avoided.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the results of the research are explained in detail. This chapter is divided into two sections, namely findings and discussion. Each is presented below.
A. Findings
In this section, the findings are presented based on two problem formulations as stated in Chapter I, which are to find out the types of modulation technique used in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, and to identify the degrees of meaning equivalence of expressions and its translatd version using modulation as found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
There are ten types of modulation technique, namely abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms, negation of opposite, active for passive, space for time, interval for limit, and change of symbol. Then, degrees of meaning equivalence are also given to each expression ranging from optimum translation, partial translation (near optimum translation and weak translation), and zero equivalence. The degrees of meaning equivalence are used to show the accuracy of the translation.
Based on the analysis, this research reveals 144 data of modulation technique found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie texts. Then, the degrees
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of meaning equivalence of each datum are also identified to show the accuracy of the translation. The following sections illustrate the research findings.
Table 2 below presents the result of data analysis dealing with the types of modulation technique and the degrees of meaning equivalence found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
Table 2: Types of Modulation Technique and The Degrees of meaning Equivalence Found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie Texts
No Types of Modulation
Technique
Degrees of Meaning Equivalence
Tota l Per ce nt age (%) Optimum Translation
Partial Translation Zero Translation Near Optimum Translation Weak Translation 1 Abstract for
Concrete
6 6 2 0 14 9.8
2 Explicative Modulation
12 10 2 0 24 16.6
3 Part to Whole 25 4 0 1 30 20.8
4 Part to
Another part
1 6 18 2 27 18.8
5 Reversal of Terms
26 2 0 0 28 19.4
6 Negation of Opposite
1 0 0 0 1 0.7
7 Active for
Passive
2 0 0 0 2 1.4
8 Space for
Time
0 0 0 0 0 0
9 Interval for Limit
7 0 0 0 7 4.9
10 Change of
Symbol
6 0 4 1 11 7.6
Total 87 28 26 4 144 100
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Table 2 shows nine types of modulation technique found in Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia-English Movie texts, namely abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms, negation of opposite, active for passive, interval for limit, and change of symbol. The most often occurring type part to whole with 30 occurrences.Reversal of termsis in the second rank with 28 occurrences. Part to another part is in the third rank with 27 occurrences. Explicative modulation is in the fourth rank with 24 occurrences. Then, it is followed by abstract for concrete with 14 occurrences. Change of symbol is the sixth rank with 11 occurrences. Interval for limit is in the seventh rank with 7 occurrences. Then, Active for passive with only 2 occurrences. Meanwhile, the least occurring type is negation of opposite with only one occurrence. Negation of opposite is only by chance since there is only one
occurrence found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
Based on the findings, space for time is not found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. The complete findings of types of modulation
technique found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts are provided in Appendix A. Meanwhile, the detail of explanation of modulation technique found
in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts is presented in the section of discussion. Furthermore, Table 2 shows that the expression translated using modulation techniques reach 144 data. Related to the degrees of meaningequivalence, there are 86 data that belong to optimum translation.
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Afterwards, there are 54 data, consisting of near optimum translation with 28 data and weak translation with 26 data. Then, it is followed by zero equivalence with 4 data
B. Discussion
This section presents the discussion of the study based on the research findings in the previous section and the problem formulation as stated in Chapter I. 1. The Types of Modulation Found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie
Texts
Modulation is a shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Modulation can be applied when, though literal or transposition translation results grammatically correct utterance, the patterns of source language in the target language are considered as abnormal or awkward. The application of this technique
demands very much the translator’s capacity to mastering bilingual languages.
There are ten types of modulation technique, namely abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms, negation of opposite, active for passive, space for time, interval for limit, and change of symbol. This part contains the explanations of the data findings in reference to the data analysis. There are nine types of modulation technique found in the research. All are discussed as follows.
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a. Abstract for concrete
Abstract for concrete occurs because concrete words are recognized quickly and remembered better that abstract words. In the translation of Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesiamovie texts into Gie’s English movie texts, there are 14data that belong to
abstract for concrete, in which 6 data have optimum translation, 6 data have near optimum translation, and 2 data have weak translation. Furthermore, there is no data found that reaches zero equivalence.
The evidence of abstract for concrete type that reaches optimum translation can be seen in datum (033/AFC/OPT)
(Setting :After the graduation day, young Gie decides to go to mountain. Suddenly, in in the middle of the way to mountain, he reminds his high school memories)
ST : Dan semua kenangan-kenangan yang manis terbayang kembali TT : And the pleasant memories of that time come back to me
(033/AFC/OPT)
“Manis” can be defined as having a taste similar to that of sugar. Yet, in this context, “manis”refers to the pleasant and satisfying feeling. The expression
“semua kenangan-kenangan yang manis” is translated into “the pleasant memories” since it is more familiar and easy to be imagined by the readers of the Target
Language (TL). Therefore, the translation “the pleasant memories” is accepted
since it reaches optimum translation.
The example of abstract for concrete type that reaches near-optimum equivalence applied by the translator can be seen in datum (001/AFC/NOT) below.
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(Setting : Gie introduces himself. It starts with the Indonesian Revolution on 1957. Gie is an Indonesian-Chinese who lived in the era of 1960’s)
ST : Aku dilahirkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 17 Desember 1942, ketika perang tengah berkecamuk di Pasifik
TT : I was born in Jakarta, December 17, 1942 when war was exploding in the Pacific
(001/AFC/NOT)
In Indonesian context, “berkecamuk” has similar meanings with “merasuk dengan hebat”, “bergelora”, or “berkobar”. This is rather abstract for the readers of the Target Language (TL). “Berkecamuk” is translated into“was exploding” that is
more concrete and easy to be understood by the readers of the target language. Yet,
the form is rendered in a different way. Therefore, the translation “was exploding”
is accepted since it reaches near optimum translation.
Datum (004/AFC/WET) is the example of abstract for concrete type that reaches weak translation.
(Setting : Han was hit by his aunt and he went to Gie’s home. Gie welcomes Han to
sleep over but Dien and Djin disagree with him)
ST : Heh kalau dia pulang sekarang dia bakal dihajar habis-habisan. Lu tega?
TT : If he goes home, he’ll get beaten for sure. You want that to happen?
(004/AFC/WET)
The expression “dihajar habis-habisan” can be defined as to hit someone
repeatedly and forcefully. The translator translates it into “he’ll get beaten for sure”. The translation is accepted, yet it contains less hyperbolic sense. Thus, it only reaches weak translation.
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There is no data found that belongs to abstract for concrete has zero equivalence. Thus, there is no analysis provided about this topic.
b. Explicative Modulation
Explicative modulation tends to make clear the implicit meaning, or make something explicit into implicit. This type of modulation technique is such as the cause for effect, the means for the result, and the substance for the object. In the translation of Gie’s Bahasa Indonesiamovie texts into Gie’s English movie texts, there are 24 data that belong to explicative modulation, in which 12 data have optimum translation, 10 data have near optimum translation, and 2 data have weak translation. Furthermore, there is no data found that reaches zero equivalence.
Datum (027/EPM/OPT) is the example of explicative modulation that reaches optimum translation.
(Setting : In 1959, Soekarno officially announced the concept of Guided Democracy. In class discussion, Gie expresses his opinion over the concept of Guided Democracy issues. He clearly states his disagreement)
ST : Lihat apa yang terjadi dengan Mochtar Lubis
TT : That’s what happened toMochtar Lubis, the journalist.
(027/EPM/OPT)
The expression “lihat apa yang terjadi dengan Mochtar Lubis” when being literally translated will be “look into what happened to Mochtar Lubis”. The
perspective is changed and extended into “that’s what happened to Mochtar Lubis, the journalist”. This expression clearly occupies explicative modulation. In
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language may not know who Mochtar Lubis is. Hence, it reaches optimum translation.
A datum that reaches near optimum translation and belongs to explicative modulation can be seen in datum (073/EPM/NOT) below.
(Setting : Gie states that he has no sympathy over politics)
ST : Politik partai dan golongan telah masuk kampus TT : Politics parties are now influencing college life
(073/EPM/NOT) The expression “telah masuk kampus” when being literally translated will
be “are now entering campus”. Yet, it is translated into “are now influencing college life”. This translation gives an explanation of what the expression “telah masuk kampus” meant. It is clear that the intention of politics parties try to persuade students to support and to take role in political field. The same information is still maintained. Thus, it reaches near optimum translation.
Datum (030/EPM/WET) is the example of explicative modulation that reaches weak translation.
(Setting : In 1959, Soekarno officially announced the concept of Guided Democracy. In class discussion, Gie expressed his opinion over the concept of Guided Democracy issues. He clearly stated his disagreement)
ST :Semua pemimpin pemimpin yang harus ditembak mati di lapangan banteng
TT :Our corrupt leaders should be executed for what they have done (030/EPM/WET)
The expression “di lapangan Banteng” is translated into “for what they have done”. Lapangan Banteng is one of historic areas in Jakarta, it was called Waterlooplein. In the Ducth era, Waterlooplein is an area covered by trees and
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plants. It is the area when the Ducth men go for hunting animals such as tiger, deer,
and bull. Thus, the expression “di lapangan Banteng” is translated into “for what they have done” since there are many animals killed in Waterlooplein. Hence, the
translator may refer Lapangan Banteng as the execution area was taking place. Although, the there is not enough equivalence in the translated expression, the information is still conveyed. Thus, it reaches weak translation.
There is no data found that belongs to explicative modulation has zero equivalence. Thus, there is no analysis provided about this topic.
c. Part to Whole
Part to whole is when a specific word, term, or phrase in source text is translated into a more general one. In the translation of Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesiamovie texts into Gie’s English movie texts, there are 30 data that belong
to part to whole, in which 25data have optimum translation, 4 data have near optimum translation, and 1 datum has zero translation. Furthermore, there is no data found that reaches weak translation.
Datum (16/PTW/OPT) is the example of part to whole that reaches optimum translation.
(Setting : Gie and his mother were debating about Gie’s grade. He tries to make sure his father that his grade deserves more)
ST : Baba, bicara Ba. Saya sudah banyak baca buku. TT : Say something, Father. You know how much I read.
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The expression “Baba” is translated into “Father”. “Baba” is a word for
“father” especially used by Chinese. In order to make it sounds familiar for the readers of the target text, Baba is properly translated into “Father” and it reaches
optimum translation.
The example of part to whole that reaches near optimum translation can be seen in datum (105/PTW/NOT) below.
(Setting : Soeharto has been elected as the second President of Indonesia)
ST : Beberapa dari mereka dikabarkan pula memperkaya diri dengan caratidak halal menggunakan kedudukan mereka
TT : Some are suspected to have enriched themselves by exploiting their position
(105/PTW/NOT)
The expression “dengan cara tidak halal” is translated into “by exploiting”.
Halal can be defined as something that has been gained in the way that is demanded
by Islamic law. Therefore, “dengan cara tidak halal” means the way of gaining
something for their own advantage by doing unfair and not permitted by Islamic
law. It is translated into “by exploiting” since it has similar meaning and the same information is still maintained. Thus, it reaches near optimum translation.
A datum that reaches zero equivalence and belongs to part to whole is illustrated in datum (019/PTW/ZER) below.
(Setting: Gie expresses his deep disappointment toward Mr. Arifin)
ST : Guru bukandewa dan selalu benar dan murid bukan kerbau
TT :Teachers are not gods and not always right either. And students are not just stupid buffalo.
(019/PTW/ZER)
The expression “dewa” and “kerbau” have totally different meaning with the expression “gods” and “buffalo”. In Indonesian context, “dewa” connotes
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flawless people. Besides, “kerbau” is a connotation that is used to describe
someone as stupid and too willing to do what they have been told to do by someone in authority. However, the translator translates the expression literally without considering the meaning behind. Furthermore, the translator seems disregard that they are connotation. Thus, the translation reaches zero equivalence.There is no data found that belongs to part to whole has weak translation. Thus, there is no analysis provided about this topic.
d. Part to Another Part
Part to another part occurs when there is certain part of thing is translated
into another part. In the translation of Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia movie texts into Gie’s English Movie texts, there are 27 data that belong to part to another part, in
which 1 datum has optimum translation, 6 data have near optimum translation, 18 data have weak translation, and 2 data have zero equivalence. Each is explained below.
The example of part to another part reaches optimum translation is illustrated below.
(Setting : Han was hit by his aunt and he went to Gie’s home. Gie welcomes Han to
sleep over but Dien and Djin disagree with him)
ST : Lu tinggal di sini. Lu tidur di situditempat Gue. TT : No, you stay here. You can sleep in my bed.
(003/PAP/OPT)
The expression “Lu tidur di situ di tempat Gue” when being literally translated will be “You can sleep here in my place”. However, the expression is translated into “You can sleep in my bed”. The translation is actually accepted
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since bed is often used for sleeping on. Thus, the translation reaches optimum translation.
The example of part to another part that reaches near optimum equivalence can be seen in datum (013/PAP/NOT) below.
(Setting : Gie was bitterly disappointed with his grade. He believes that he is the smartest in the class)
ST : Aku yakin aku yang terpandai dibanding seluruh kelas TT : In fact, I know for sure I should be number one.
(013/PAP/NOT)
The expression “aku yang terpandai dibanding seluruh kelas” when being
literally translated will be “I am the smartest in all over the class”. Yet, the
translator translates it into “I know for sure I should be number one”. Although it is
slightly different, the meaning is still maintained. Hence, it reaches near optimum translation.
The example of part to another part reaches weak translation can be illustrated in datum (130/PAP/WET) below.
(Setting : The letter that Gie left for Ira)
ST : Ada orang yang menghabiskan waktunya berjudi di Miraza TT : Others would spend their time in a gambling den
(130/PAP/WET) Miraza is a gambling den located in Singapore. Thus, the translator
translates “Miraza” into “a gambling den”since a gambling den is more familiar and easy to be understood than the word “Miraza”. In addition, not all people
understand what “Miraza” is. In datum (130/PAP/WET), the expression “Miraza” is proper noun. Yet, the translation is in the form of noun phrase. Although it is slightly different, the translation is accepted and reaches weak translation.
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TARGET TEXT
NOT WET
02:10:51-02:10:55
127/A FC/OP T
Haripun menjadi malam, kulihat semuanya menjadi
muram
√
√
As day turns to night, I see the world grow dark
02:11:00-02:11:06
128/R OT/OP T/
Wajah-wajah yang tak kita kenal berbicara dalam bahasa yang tidak kita mengerti seperti kabut pagi itu
√
√
Unknown faces speak to me
in a language I don’t know, one veiled, like the morning fog
02:13:34-02:13:37
129/P AP/W ET
December 16, 1969, Ira read the letter that Gie left for her. Gie died on the summit of Semeru, just a day before his 27th birthday
Ada orang yang menghabiskan waktunyaberziarah ke
Mekkah
√
√
Some people would spend all their time in prayer
02:13:38-02:13:42
130/P AP/W
Ada orang yang menghabiskan
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TIMES CODE SETTING
DATA
TYPES OF MODULATION DEGREES OF MEANING
EQUIVALENCE SOURCE TEXT
AFC EPM PTW PAP ROT NOP AFP SFT IFL COS OPT PAR ZER TARGET TEXT
NOT WET
ET Others would spend their time in a gambling den
02:13:44-02:13:48
131/C OS/OP T
Tapi aku ingin habiskan
waktuku disisimu, sayangku
√
√
But I would willingly spend all my time with you, my love
02:13:50-02:13:58
132/R OTOP T
Bicara tentang anjing-anjing kita yang nakal dan lucu atau bunga-bunga yang manis di lembah Mandalawangi
√
√
Talking about our dogs and the trouble they cause or about the beautiful flowersin Mandalawangi Valley
02:14:02-02:14:06
133/R OT/OP T
Ada
serdadu-serdaduAmerika yang mati
di Danang
√
√
American Soldiers are dying in Danang
02:14:08-02:14:10
134/PT W/OP T
Ada bayi-bayi yang mati
lapar di Biafra
√
√
Babies are dying of starvation in Biafra
02:14:12-02:14:14
135/C OS/OP T
Tapi aku ingin mati disisimu,
manisku
√
√
But if I’m to die, let it be by
(3)
TARGET TEXT
NOT WET
02:14:16-02:14:24
136/P AP/W ET
Setelah kita bosan hidup dan bertanya-tanya tentang tujuan hidup yang tak satu setan pun tahu
√
√
After years of living together and asking question about life that not even the devil could answer
02:14:36-02:14:42
137/C OS/OP T
Mari sini sayangku, kalian yang pernah mesra, yang pernah baik dan simpati kepadaku
√
√
Come to me, my love, all of you who once cared for me and gave me sympathy and kindness
02:14:44-02:14:50
138/R OT/OP T
Tegaklah ke langit luas atau
awan yang mendung
√
√
Stand tall to face the sky and the darkening clouds
02:14:51-02:14:59
139/P AP/W ET
Kita tak pernah
menanamkan apa-apa, kita tak kan pernah kehilangan apa-apa
√
√
A person who never plants no crops, will never lose a harvest
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TIMES CODE SETTING
DATA
TYPES OF MODULATION DEGREES OF MEANING
EQUIVALENCE SOURCE TEXT
AFC EPM PTW PAP ROT NOP AFP SFT IFL COS OPT PAR ZER TARGET TEXT
NOT WET
02:15:29-02:15:32
140/R OT/OP T
Nasib terbaik adalah tidak
pernah dilahirkan
√
√
The best fate is to have never been born
02:15:33-02:15:35
141/A FC/NO T
Yang kedua, dilahirkan tapi
mati muda
√
√
The second is to have been born but died young
02:15:37-02:15:42
142/A FC/NO T
Dan yang tersial adalah
berumur tua
√
√
And the worst is to die of old age
02:15:46-02:15:50
143/A FC/NO T
Berbahagialah mereka yang
mati muda
√
√
Happy are those who die young
02:16:01-02:16:11
144/R OT/OP T
Makhluk kecil, kembalilah dari tiada ke tiada,
berbahagialah dalam ketiadaanmu.
√
√
Little creatures, born from nothing returning to nothing, be happy in your nothingness
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Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya
Nama
:
Abdi Bani Yanuar
NIM
: 11211144016
Program Studi
: Sastra Inggris
Fakultas
: Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah
(skripsi) dari mahasiswa
Nama
: Mohammad Noor Pamungkas
NIM
: 11211144022
Program Studi
: Sastra Inggris
Fakultas
: Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
Judul
: Meaning Equivalence of Modulation Techniques in
Gie
’s
Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie Texts
Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat, semoga dapat digunakan
sebagaimana mestinya.
Yogyakarta,10 Februari 2017
Triangulator,
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