5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review 1. Translation
a. Notions of Translation
Translation has been defined into different notions. Every expert of translation has their own definition. Larson 1984: 3 states that translation is
a transfer of meaning and a change of form. In the process of transferring meaning, it must be held constant whereas the form may change according to
the language convention of the target expression. Meanwhile, Nida and Taber 1982: 12 define that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning secondly in terms of style. Translation can be simply
definded as transfering transfering message from source language inti target language in term of meaning and style.
Catford 1965:20 defines translation as a replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.
In other words, savory 1968: 3 states that translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions.
Translation should be easily understood by target readers and the message of source text ST should be equivalent with target text TT. The
term closest natural equivalent, which is rooted in Nida‟s concept of dynamic
6
equivalent, explicitly considers about cultural aspect. Nida in Venuti 1995: 21 argues that a translation of dynamic equivalence aims at complete
naturalness of expression In Nid a‟s work, the term naturalness of expression
obviously signals the fluency translation which involves domestication. Nida in Venuti 1995: 21 also states that a translator must be a person who can
draw aside the curtains of linguistic and cultural differences so that people may see clearly the relevance of the original message
In addition, Brown and Attardo 2000: 242 refer the word translation as an umbrella for two activities: interpreting of spoken language and
translating of written language. It is in line with Brislin‟s definition of
translation that languages involved in translation can be in written or spoken. While, Dubois in Bell 1991: 5 defines that translation is the expression in
another language or target language of what has been expressed in another
source language through preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. They are performed by going from the form of the source expression into target
expression by preserving the meaning of the source expression as faithfully as possible.
Although there are some different definitions of translation given by many experts, it can be concluded that translation has one important point
from its definition. There is a similar consideration about the meaning equivalence of the translation from the source expression into the target
expression which requires the importance of the correct meaning equivalence.
7
b. Types of Translation