Interview Observation Data Collection Technique

together. Meanwhile, in coding the data, the data were managed so that there were no data which were unclear. The large amounts of the data were reduced to make the data manageable. Moreover, in comparing the data, the data were compared with different kinds of sources. The data were described from different data gathering techniques. For instance, the data gained from the interview were compared with the result of the observation checklist. The similarities and differences of the data could be described in the findings. Furthermore, after assembling, coding, and comparing the data, the data were interpreted in order to make sense of the meaning of the data. The final step of analyzing the data is reporting the outcomes. In this stage, the findings found during the teaching and learning process were reported in detail. Providing examples were required to support the report of the research. The examples could be taken from the field notes arranged during the implementation of the action. Moreover, as stated by Burns 2010:118, the quantitative data analysis can be defined as the way of presenting the data in numerical form. Thus, the data were analyzed using the statistical analysis. Therefore, the research used the descriptive statistics in analyzing the data. The data gained from the pre- test and post-test could be analyzed as the quantitative data. Those data were analyzed by using SPSS version16.0 and compared through paired-sample t- test. The mean score of each two tests were measured to determine the central tendency. It was considered as a way to check the student’s improvement in reading comprehension. In addition, the results of prototype test conducted before pre-test and post-test were analyzed by using ITEMAN version 3.0. The analysis result was considered to decide whether the questions should be revised or not. In this case, the validity of the test depended on the form of the questions in particular related to the reading comprehension questions. Briefly, the reading comprehension questions arranged involving the following indicators: 1 Identifying the specifically stated detail or information. 2 Deducing the meaning of unfamiliar lexical items in context. 3 Making inferences. 4 Finding the main idea and the topic of the paragraph. 5 Understanding references. 6 Distinguish between relevant and irrelevant statement from the text. 7 Applying the correct word to complete a certain passage.

G. Validity and Reliability of the Data

The data collected from the research must be valid and reliable. Therefore, according to Anderson in Burns 1999:161-162, there are five criteria of validity that should be fulfilled to get the validity in the action research. Those of five criteria are described as follows. 1 Democratic Validity The democratic validity was related to the scope in which the research was conducted collaboratively and included multiple voices. The validity was obtained by interviewing some students at the seventh grade and discussing with the English teacher to find out the problems in the reading class. It was