3. Techniques of data collection The researcher collected the data by using:
a. Observation The data was collected by making a note of the circumstances happened during
the teaching learning process in the classroom. b. Interview
The interview was held by recording the interviewee. The teacher and the students will be interviewed before, during, and after the action. To do this, the researcher will use
interview guidelines. c. Reading Comprehension Test
To support the qualitative data, the researcher also took the quantitative data. The quantitative data were in the form of students’ reading comprehension test scores. The
tests were conducted before pre-test and after the action post-test.
D. Validity and Reliability
According to Anderson et al. in Burns 1999: 161, there are some criteria of validity needed in an action research study to get valid data. Those are democratic
validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity and dialogic validity.
1. Democratic validity It can be fulfilled by having discussion with the collaborators and by doing
interviews and observations. The discussion will be done during the research. The researcher and the collaborator, the English teacher, will try to find the problems, and the
possible solutions to cope with the problems by choosing the actions to be applied. 2. Outcome Validity
Outcome validity is related to the notion of actions leading to the result that are successful within the research context. If there is significance improvements during the
actions implemented from the beginning to the end, it can be said that the research is successful.
3. Process validity
The process validity is related to process of conducting the research. To gain the process validity, the researcher will collect the data by doing classroom observations,
students and teacher interviews and field notes. 4. Catalytic validity
Catalytic validity is achieved by recounting changes in teacher and learners understanding of the role and the action taken as a result of these changes, and by
monitoring other participants perceptions of problems in the research setting. The research allows all the participants to deepen their understanding of the social relatives of
the context. 5. Dialogic validity
The researcher can fulfill the dialogic validity by discussing the research findings with the collaborator. It involves all members of the discussion such as the researcher, the
collaborator, and the subject of the research. Any useful suggestion to improve the quality of the actions of the research from the parties should be considered.
To show the reliability, the researcher will use triangulation. Triangulation aims at gathering multiple perspectives on the situation being studied. The research will use
triangulation as follows:
a. Time The researcher used two cycles in order to get set a sense of what factors are
involved in change processes. b. Investigator
The researcher investigated the result not only by himself, but also by the teacher as the collaborator. It will be done to avoid bias or subjective observations.
E. Research Procedures
