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their typicality and choose the sample for a specific purpose”. The sample was selected non-randomly because the researcher believed that they have the needed
information which could not be obtained from any other sample. The students of journalistic extracurricular were selected because the
researcher could get sufficient information of what the students wanted to achieve in learning newspaper journalism. It was important to obtain such information because
the journalistic extracurricular activity required no any prerequisite. The journalistic extracurricular instructor and the journalists are selected
because they had the reliable expertise in newspaper journalism and they could give big contribution to the development of instructional materials. Everything that is
related to newspaper-journalism materials could be asked to the journalistic extracurricular instructor.
The evaluation of designed materials should be handed to the right person. It was the reason why the lecturers of English Language Education Study Program in
Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta and the English teachers of SMA Kolese De Britto Yogyakarta were selected as the sample. By their teaching and materials
designing experiences, the designed material can be evaluated then be revised.
C. Research Instrument
In conducting the survey, the instruments play an important role to bridge the researcher and the sample. Through the research instrument, the information can be
transferred. This study used two kinds of research instruments, they were questionnaire and interview.
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1. Questionnaire
Questionnaires are the common instrument in a survey research. It is easier to be employed because it can gather information from a large sample at the same time.
The questionnaire is a widely used and useful instrument for collecting survey information, providing structured, often numerical data, being
able to be administered without the presence of the researcher, and often being comparatively straightforward to analyze Wilson and
Mclean, 1994, as cited in Cohen, et al., 2000:245.
According to Fraenkel and Wallen 1993: 349-350, there are two types of questionnaire. They are close-ended questions and open-ended questions. The close-
ended questions have limited options; the respondents only fill the questionnaire by choosing the provided answer. This type of questionnaire is easy to be scored and
coded. The open-ended questions allow for more individualized responses because
there are no options of answer. The respondents are free to answer; therefore it is difficult to interpret.
In the pre-design survey, the combination of close-ended and open-ended questionnaires was distributed to the students of journalistic extracurricular and the
journalists. The use of this type of questionnaire was to obtain the information from several respondents at the same time.
In the post-design survey, the lecturers of English Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta and the English teachers of SMA Kolese De
Britto Yogyakarta were given the combination of close-ended and open-ended questionnaires. They should give their opinions and suggestions in the designed
instructional materials evaluation so that the materials could be revised well.
