Respondents of the Survey

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1. Questionnaire

Questionnaires are the common instrument in a survey research. It is easier to be employed because it can gather information from a large sample at the same time. The questionnaire is a widely used and useful instrument for collecting survey information, providing structured, often numerical data, being able to be administered without the presence of the researcher, and often being comparatively straightforward to analyze Wilson and Mclean, 1994, as cited in Cohen, et al., 2000:245. According to Fraenkel and Wallen 1993: 349-350, there are two types of questionnaire. They are close-ended questions and open-ended questions. The close- ended questions have limited options; the respondents only fill the questionnaire by choosing the provided answer. This type of questionnaire is easy to be scored and coded. The open-ended questions allow for more individualized responses because there are no options of answer. The respondents are free to answer; therefore it is difficult to interpret. In the pre-design survey, the combination of close-ended and open-ended questionnaires was distributed to the students of journalistic extracurricular and the journalists. The use of this type of questionnaire was to obtain the information from several respondents at the same time. In the post-design survey, the lecturers of English Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta and the English teachers of SMA Kolese De Britto Yogyakarta were given the combination of close-ended and open-ended questionnaires. They should give their opinions and suggestions in the designed instructional materials evaluation so that the materials could be revised well. 36

2. Interviews

“The research is called in as an interview when answers to a set of questions are solicited in person” Fraenkel and Wallen, 1993:10. By interviewing, the researcher was given all the information directly and free to add or modify the questions depending on the situation. Interview was conducted to obtain the information from the instructor of journalistic extracurricular. The researcher chose to use interview in order to make it more effective and efficient and also the researcher would have the opportunity to obtain more information.

D. Data Gathering

The needs survey aimed to get the necessary information to build the frame of designed instructional materials. The data gathered were helpful in the early process of designing the materials.

1. Data gathering in pre-design survey

In pre-design survey, the respondents were the students of journalistic extracurricular, the instructor of journalistic extracurricular, and the journalists. The data collected would give a great input for the writer to design the materials. The writer distributed questionnaires for the students and conducted interview with the instructor and the journalists. The questionnaires distributed to the students of journalistic extracurricular aimed to obtain the data including: a. What do the students want to achieve in journalistic extracurricular? b. Are the students really interested in newspaper journalism?