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functional. However, those basic syllabuses may be modified according to the situation and these modified syllabuses are called communicative syllabus. The forms
of the communicative syllabus are structural-functional, structures and functions, variable focus, functional, fully functional, and fully communicative syllabus.
d Production of proto-syllabus At this stage, the syllabus designer will focus on the description of the content
that the syllabus will have. There are many components to be considered in a communicative syllabus, but it is impossible and not desirable to include everything.
The designer must look back to the earlier steps recalling all the gathered information; those steps have close relation to the production of proto syllabus. It is
also necessary to give early attention to the specification of target levels whether it is realistic or not to be specified.
e Production of a pedagogical syllabus Production of a pedagogical syllabus is a process in which the language
program designer will focus on the psychological factor as one of the important things in developing communicative components. The aspects of the psychology of
the classroom are learners’ wants, needs, and desires. Therefore, a pedagogical syllabus plays an important role to create a communicative classroom interaction.
f Development and implementation of classroom procedures Based on the gathered information in the earlier stages, the teachers look at
the syllabus to select the teaching techniques and the exercises and put them into a lesson plan. If necessary, the teachers may conduct teacher training to improve
teaching performance.
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g Evaluation At this stage, there are two aspects that can be evaluated. First, the language
program suitability with the learners’ needs and characteristics. The result can be viewed from the examination. Second, the teachers as well as the teaching technique
will also be evaluated. h Recycling stage
The evaluation has provided sufficient data as the references for the program designer and the teachers to determine whether the final performances of the learners
fit the goal or not. It is possible to reassess the content and revise the materials and methodology procedures.
The writer has discussed the instructional models that are useful for references in designing a set of English instructional materials for journalistic extracurricular
activity in SMA Kolese De Britto Yogyakarta. Since this study is related to newspaper journalism, some basic theories of newspaper journalism are needed. The
writer will discuss the basic theories of newspaper journalism in the following part.
2. Basic Theories of Newspaper Journalism
The prominent activity in journalism is collecting the fact or information and presenting it in the form of readable news story. The theory of doing such process is
needed in this study. In this section, therefore, the writer will explain the basic theory of newspaper journalism in brief. They are the definition of news, the types of news,
the news structure, and the news writing.
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a. Definition of News
Ishwara 2005:52 says that news is created from a real event that has just occurred in the society. Human beings live in various situations which involve many
human aspects that are interesting to be noticed. It is also supported by Keir 1957:9 in that the recent event is called news if the information is new and people are
interested in it. The information that is served to the readers must be newsworthy. The factor
that determines the newsworthiness of information is the news values. Berner 1992:15 says that news values have close relation with the social process as news
product. It is obvious that news values are assimilated from the norms in the society. Ishwara 2005: 53-58 mentions the criterions of news values. They are:
1 Conflict Physical conflicts such as wars and fights are newsworthy because they bring
about some victims and damages. The violence itself touches the readers emotionally. The debates non-physical conflicts of pollution, nuclear
reactor, and any other issues related to the quality of life also get the opportunity to be placed in the front page.
2 Progress and Disaster Win and lose are the results of a conflict. The research that is conducted by
some experts results in several discoveries. Natural disasters, fire and the stories of people who have lost their job can be interesting news in the front
page.
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3 Consequence A newsworthy story can bring some effects on its readers. The consequence is
likely accepted as the news value and the standard of news importance. All the newsworthy stories have consequences.
4 Prominence It is agreed that name makes news and a big name makes bigger news. The
senses of news can be found easily among the famous persons. The information is newsworthy if it is based on what they have said and done
because there is a consequence within. 5 Timeliness and Proximity
Timeliness and proximity are the tools to measure whether the story is newsworthy or not. These two elements are able to determine what story can
be printed and where the story can be sold. 6 Strangeness
The stories of coincidental and contrast events, odd way of living, extraordinary habits and hobbies, and superstition can attract the readers’
attention. The common element of strangeness is that the events are quite odd and uncommon.
7 Human Interest The news values of human interest are the combination of all elements that
make the value of news such as conflict, progress and disaster, consequence, prominence, timeliness and proximity, etc. Most of human interest news
