67
pattern. They paid less attention to the applicable use of because and so in English, the use of because and so cannot be put altogether in a sentence. To
construct sentences with more than a single clause, one of the clauses must take its position as dependent clause; that means a dependent clause cannot take any
conjunctions.
Errors which occurred due to a wrong usage of because and so can be seen in example 9Bi, where there was a superfluous use of because and so. As
explained previously, a single sentence should contain an independent clause. One of the indicators to recognize a dependent clause is the existence of adverbial
clause. In the example, there occurred a redundancy use of double conjunctions,
which are because and so to show cause and effect. Because is to show causes while so is to show effect. Those two clauses took position as sub clause, which
obviously prohibited. One of those clauses must be an independent clause so that
it becomes This is the case, so you will know what to do after you read this case or Because this is the case, you will know what to do after you read this case.
However, apart from that it is grammatical or not, an utterance alike to 9Bi is applicable to use in spoken English remembering that the language in speaking is
not strictly structured.
4.1.2.7 Passive Sentences
The next errors belong to passive sentence. There was 1.4 of the error in this category. Some of the examples are in 4.15.
Table 4.15 Errors Belonging to Incorrect Construction of Passives
68
6A i Imagine that the compliments give to you. 6B ii But the conversation is happened on the phone.
The errors in passive occurred because of three causes. The first was due to a misformation of passive verb as in example 6Ai. According to Azar 1989, to
form a passive sentence, direct object from active sentence must be repositioned as the subject and the verb must be reformed to be past participle. Principally,
active form rules a living thing as the subject of doing. In contrast, passive form requires the non-living thing as the subject of doing. Example 6Ai showed a
great difficulty to understand the rule of passive, where the compliments as the non-living thing acted as the subject and give is formed into active. Therefore,
forming give results in the interpretation that the non-living thing i.e.
compliments does the action i.e. give. Logically, non-living thing cannot act as
subject to do the action. Therefore, such utterance is logically and constructively acceptable. The last example is a wrong formation of passive for intransitive verbs
as in example 6Bii. These errors occurred due to the wrong perception of the
verb happen. This verb is an intransitive verb which cannot be transformed into passive. Some intransitive verbs meant were occur, and happen. Basically, the
errors were influenced by respondents’ second language, Indonesian. Being translated into Indonesian, such words are terjadi. Indonesian governs the use of
affix ter- or di- to precede the verb to form passive. As an example, Peristiwa ini
terjadi akibat kecerobohan dia sendiri. Such words seem to have been following
the process of affixation of ter-. It is the product of misunderstanding. The
69 misunderstanding which was derived from the second language i.e. Indonesian
had led the respondents to be influenced to make such words into passive in English construction.
4.1.2.8 Gerund and Infinitive
