56
auxiliary are and verb do in progressive as seen in example 1Ci, a wrong selection of possessive pronoun his for your as seen in example 1Ji, and a
misuse of pronoun that to replace those as seen in example 1Ki. Such errors
occurred in a small number which was less than one . However, their existence cannot be ignored as they show that the respondents still have difficulty in
forming such utterance in speaking.
4.1.2.2 The Auxiliary System
The auxiliary errors occurred in as much as 17.3 . This was the second
largest share after word formation. Most of the errors were in the use of do, does or did, and have or be. Some of the errors found are seen in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9 Errors on Auxiliary System
3A ii a You got it? ii b Where it take place?
Example 2A represent wrong uses of either do, does or did. The errors were
dominated by errors due to an underuse in questions. Example 2Aiia appeared to
be an underuse of function do-auxiliary in the interrogative formation. In
everyday’s language, there are tremendous numbers of interrogative expressions as in example 2Aiia. It is undeniable that the respondents made such errors in
quite a number of errors. Such pattern of question was formed by the declarative pattern. To indicate a question, the respondents made use of rising intonation.
Such pattern was regarded to be common and correct as it was commonly used in an abundant number by the society, even by native speakers. It is improper to
57 judge it as ungrammatical. However, Larsen and Celce-Maria 1999 mentioned
the three dimensions of grammar, which are “form, meaning, and use” p. 4. Grammar concerns not only accuracy but also appropriateness based on a
particular context. Example 2Aiib was applicable to use in certain context, for example in informal situation, where the language itself is not thoroughly
concerned. However, in a formal situation that is educational area where the language itself is formally taught, such formation is regarded as a deviancy. It is
best to be used in everyday’s language, when having a conversation with intimate friends or family. Instead of that, it is improper to simply ignore such error made
by Micro Teaching students because they will next become English teachers. Thus they must perform grammatical utterances to be a good linguistic model for their
students. Making such similar errors, for Micro teaching students, is not highly tolerated. This utterance ought to be corrected by adding a preceding question
operator do in the past form to be Did you get it? Another alike error, yet it was ungrammatical was an underuse of do-
auxiliary or its other variation forms as seen in example 2Aiib. The considerable difference is that the form in example 2Aiib was entirely
ungrammatical. To form an interrogative formation, it required an auxiliary
movement either to the head C position of CP in yesno question or to the
inflection position within CP in WH-question. Hence, such deviancy can be called as an error. The correct form is Where does it take place?
58
Errors were also found in the use of be and have. Generally, the errors occurred as a result of omission of be and superfluous of be. The errors
representatively are seen in Table 4.10.
Table 4.10 Errors on the Use of Be and Have
3B i If you are graduate from here later, you will … iii What expression used in this dialog?
From the two examples displayed in 3B, it was found that the respondents
found it problematic to construct utterances using be and have as auxiliaries. Many of the errors found are 1 a superfluous use of be: is andor are, 2 a
missing of passive auxiliary, 3 a missing of perfect progressive auxiliary, 4 a
mismatch of be with simple present or modal in interrogative, 5 a missing of
present progressive auxiliary, 6 a misformation of the next verbal word after modals, and 7 a mismatching auxiliaries in tag questions. However, the biggest
error was as the result of a superfluous be either is or are and of a passive
auxiliary missing. In most cases, the respondents were confused about the use of
be in declarative sentence. The respondents were confused to form simple present
formation by the use of be in declarative due to the influence of be function in
progressive formation. It was proven by the finding of some errors as in example
3Bi, where be its forms was misused to be an antecedent of either simple present verb or modals. By its usage, all forms of be should not be associated with
verbs within a clause in declarative, except in the use of interrogative and negative. Therefore, the correct utterance should be If you graduate from here
later, you will…
59 The second biggest errors occurred as a result of a missing of passive
auxiliary. The respondents, here, found difficulty in forming passive pattern. The respondent easily forgot to attach auxiliary in passive patterns, which made the
utterances erroneous. This was caused by two major reasons apart from external and mental factors, which were the respondents’ lack of knowledge to the form
of passive and an overgeneralization to the reduced formation of adjective clause
into adjective phrase. In this case, be functions not only as progressive auxiliary
but also as passive auxiliary. Example 3Biii denoted an omission of passive
auxiliary in the passive form. The passive should have be-auxiliary e.g. is, am, are
to precede the verb i.e. past participle. Consequently, the revised sentence becomes What is the expression used in this dialog?
4.1.2.3 Preposition
