71 criteria was not perfectly mastered. However, many of the errors produced did not
belong to global errors because, firstly the meaning conveyed was understandable, and secondly, the errors did not lead into misinterpretation.
4.2 Possible
Sources of Errors
This part involves the data presentation of errors and the discussion of their sources of errors.
4.2.1 Data Presentation and Discussion
This section deals with sources of errors. There were found errors in the area of overgeneralization, incomplete application of rules, and false hypothesized
concept. To see the thorough example of errors in each category, it can be seen in Appendix B.
4.2.2.1 Incomplete Application of Rules
Many errors found belong to incomplete application of rules. The errors were found in most of the respondents’ speech. The errors which belong to this
category are seen in Table 4.18.
Table 4.18 Errors Belonging to Incomplete Application of Rules
No Respondent Examples of the errors
1 G
You will sell yourself to be able to Ø hired in the company.
2 Q
Who is Ø character here?
3 F
What kind of information Ø you get from the letter?
4 L
What is written in the paper Ø that you have to do.
5 C
They will Ø asking and canceling appointment. 6 D So
where did Ø exactly take place?
7 P
Do you know what message Ø?
72 8 C
Actually according Ø Cambridge dictionary, appointment is a formal agreement.
Richards 1974 mentions incomplete application of rules as “the occurrence of structures whose deviancy represents the degree of development of the rules
required to produce acceptable utterances” p. 177. In this category, a deviancy is seen as the evidence that demonstrates learner’s development in their efforts to
construct words into acceptable structures. Any errors belonging to this category are those which were not constructed completely. There was a missing of a
linguistic element which should exist in a correct construction of Standard English. The incomplete construction is regarded as an error since it deviates from
standardized English rules of syntax and morphology. The incompleteness, in this research, includes two points. The first is the incompleteness of functional
morphemes as in example 1G, 2Q, 3F, 4L, 5C, 7P, 8C. The errors were
consecutively a missing of be in the prepositional phrases to hired
to form
passive; a missing of article-the to precede a single intended object in a noun
phrase character
; a missing do-auxiliary in a question formation in a sentence
What kind of information you get from the letter?; a missing predicate in the
sentence [What is written in the paper] [that you have to do] where
should
be is; a missing of be to form future progressive in a predicate will asking and
canceling; a missing of a predicate be in an embedded clause as in Do you know
what message
;
and a missing preposition to to follow the word according. The
second was the incompleteness of content morphemes as in example 6D. There
73
was a missing of subject it in a sentence So, where did exactly take place?
Those errors occurred as a result of omissions either content morpheme or functional morphemes. Therefore, those belonged to the category of incomplete
application of rules.
4.2.2.2 Overgeneralization
