9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter discusses the related literature which serves as the basis to answer the research questions. There are two major parts in this chapter, namely
theoretical description and theoretical framework.
2.1 Theoretical Description
This part provides four major underlying theories for the research, namely theory of errors, dimensions of grammar, morphological phenomena, and
syntactic theories.
2.1.1 Theory of Error
As this research deals with errors analysis, it is significant to provide some theories regarding errors. They are different types of error, linguistic category
taxonomy, and sources of errors.
2.1.1.1 Different Types of Error
Norrish 1983 has distinguished different types of anomalous language behavior: the error, the mistake, and the lapse p.7-9. Norrish 1983 defines
error as a consistent deviation because the learner of English as a second or
foreign language has not learnt the correct form p. 7. Norrish 1983 defines the second type of anomalous language behavior,
mistake as an inconsistent deviation because the learner of English as a second or
10 foreign language has noticed or been taught and sometimes uses the wrong form,
for example the English verb ’must’ does not follow the same pattern as some of the other modal verbs p. 8. There is time when he uses he must go and he must
to go. He calls a mistake if sometimes the learner makes a mistake and uses the wrong form, yet sometimes he uses the correct form p. 8.
The last type is lapse. It is “due to lack of concentration, shortness of
memory, fatigue, etc” Norrish, 1983, p. 9. He further states that “a lapse bears a little relation to whether or not a given form in the language has been learnt, has
not been learnt or in the process of being learnt” p. 9.
2.1.1.2 Linguistic Category Taxonomy
Dulay, Burt, and Krashen 1982 state that “linguistic category taxonomies classify errors according to either or both the language component or the
particular linguistic constituent the error effect” p. 146. Language components include phonology pronunciation, syntax and morphology grammar, semantics
and lexicon meaning and vocabulary, and discourse style. Constituents include the elements that comprise each language components Dulay et al., 1982, p. 147.
Dulay et al. 1982 mention an example of errors classification based on linguistic category taxonomy; within syntax, there is an error in the main subordinate clause
and within the subordinate clause, there is an errors on the constituent that is effected, such as the noun phrase, the auxiliary, the verb phrase, the preposition,
the adverb, the adjective, and so forth p. 147.
11 The example of this type of error classification and the examples of English
learners’ errors are seen in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 A Sample Linguistic Category Taxonomy from Dulay et al. 1982
Linguistic Category Error Type
Example of Learner Error 1. Morphology
A. Indefinite article incorrect A ant
B. Past participle incorrect He was call
2. Syntax A. Word order
i
Repetition of the object The bird object he was gonna shoot it
B. Transformation a.
There transformation
i
Omission of there Is one bird
b. Question transformation
i
Omission of auxiliary How the story helps?
2.1.1.3 Sources of Errors
Kategori