69 misunderstanding which was derived from the second language i.e. Indonesian
had led the respondents to be influenced to make such words into passive in English construction.
4.1.2.8 Gerund and Infinitive
The next category is gerund and infinitives. It was 0.7 found in this category. The errors in Table 4.16 represent the difficulties to choose the
complement types of the verb meaning.
Table 4.16 Errors Belonging to Incorrect Selection of Gerund andor Infinitive
8A i Have you all finished to share with your friend?
The errors found represented the respondents’ confusion to differentiate the function of forming the phrases into gerund or infinitives. The selection of gerund
andor infinitive type as complement, for particular main verbs, affects meanings. This can be shown in example 8Ai, where the respondent used the main verb
finished . In this case, the respondent falsely selected to share instead of sharing
after the word finished which means ‘having done the activity of sharing to move
on to the next activity’. The meaning implied from the construction was in the contrary, which made it erroneous.
4.1.2.9 Multiple Errors
An utterance contains double or multiple errors as shown in Table 4.17. Unlike Table 4.1 which displays utterances displaying a single error, Table 4.7, on
the other hand, illustrates multiple errors in every single utterance. There were
70 found 30 utterances which have multiple errors. The complete list of the errors
can be seen in appendix A.
Table 4.17 Multiple Errors No
LEARNERS’ ERRORS ERROR TYPES
1. You want to go to college or you want to
Φ tour guide?
A missing of do; a missing of be
-verb; and a missing article a
2. You may find the three day or three time
to make Φ appointment …
A missing of inflection -s and missing article an
A single utterance may contain more than a single error. Table 4.17 representatively shows multiple errors within an utterance. This table shows the
respondents’ multiple errors during speaking. One of the examples is You want to go to college or you want to
Φ tour guide? In this example, there are errors
because of incompleteness. The first is an omission of do-auxiliary to form a
formal question order in the structure Φ you want to go to college or you want to
Φ tour guide? The second is an omission of be-verb …you want to Φ tour
guide? The second example, 2, contains double errors. The first is a missing of
inflection -s which supposed to exist in the noun day to form plural; the second is a missing of article an as a determiner before a singular noun in the construction
of … to make Φ appointment.
In conclusion, categories which its percentage P is more than 10 was word formation; this meant that the respondents had a great difficulty or paid less
attention to word formation, auxiliary system, prepositions, and the skeleton of English clause. This number showed that the respondents had quite a difficulty
andor paid less attention to such categories. Conclusively, the application of such
71 criteria was not perfectly mastered. However, many of the errors produced did not
belong to global errors because, firstly the meaning conveyed was understandable, and secondly, the errors did not lead into misinterpretation.
4.2 Possible
