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Figure 2.1 Curriculum Cycle Hammond, et al, 1992
3. Computer-Assisted Language Learning
There are some Computer-Assisted Language Learning theories being used in the study. Those are definitions of Computer-Assisted Language Learning,
types of Computer-Assisted Language Learning program, and conditions for optimal Computer-Assisted Language Learning. The description will be presented
as follows.
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a. Definitions of Computer Assisted Language Learning
The name Computer-Assisted Language Learning CALL was firstly introduced in the beginning of 1980. It undergoes changing from time to time but
still forms the same meaning and context. There are some definitions of CALL according to experts as follows. Chapelle 2001
proposes that “CALL is used to refer to the area of technology and second
language teaching and learning”. It will include anything which is in the circle of technology that is used to support
teaching and learning activity. According to Levy 1997 , “CALL refers to the
search for and the study of applications of computer programs in language learning”. Then it becomes more specific in the terms of technology that it
narrows to what is called with computer program that could be used in language learning activity.
Beatty 2003 defines CALL as “any activity of teaching learning that uses a
computer and it improves use rs’ language”. It supports Levy’s thought on what
CALL is that it is the correlation of using computer in the classroom to facilitate teaching and learning activity which is aimed to improve users’ language
proficiency. When CALL is brought into the classroom, then computer-assisted classroom is formed. According to Sivert and Egbert 1999, computer-assisted
classroom is a place where various kinds of learning happened and it involved technology as subordinate to discovery and understanding.
b. Types of CALL Programs
In conducting a lesson involving CALL, there are two types of CALL programs that can be selected according to Davies, G., Rendall, H., and Walker,
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R. 2004. First, it is called Generic Software Applications. Generic software applications are designed for general use. However, those applications are very
helpful to be used for teaching learning process. There are some examples of these applications, such as word processors MS-Word, presentation software Power
Point, and web browser that can be used for web-based learning. Second, it is called CALL Specific Software Applications. CALL specific
software applications are designed to promote language learning objectives based on software author
’s belief. There are two kinds of CALL specific software. The first one is content specific. In content specific, teacher can’t change the language
content or activity format, as what teacher could find in CD-ROM. The second one is content free, in which teacher could provide and modify the material
themselves.
c. Conditions for Optimal Computer Assisted Language Learning
There are eight conditions to create optimal language learning using CALL as proposed by Egbert et.al 1999. First, learners should have adequate
opportunities to interact and negotiate meaning. They need to build a strong interaction among learners so they could slowly build the meaning of the material
they are learning. Second, learners interact in the target language with an authentic audience. Building interaction among learners in a social interaction is
not enough. Learners need to get involved in a purposeful interaction in which they will be able to gain better learning achievement as expected. Third, learners
are involved in authentic tasks. To support the achievement of being involved in real context interaction, learners should be involved in the authentic goal for
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