Definitions of Computer Assisted Language Learning Types of CALL Programs

32 work. Fourth, learners are exposed to and encouraged to produce various and creative language. Involving learners in variety of tasks and creative language is aiming to give various languages input to the learners. The output is expected to be varied also which will place meaning to their development. Fifth, learners have adequate time and feedback. Learners need to have adequate time and personal feedback that will encourage them to achieve best achievement. Sixth, learners are guided to attend mindfully to the learning process. The combination of authentic task, environment, exposure and opportunity to produce language output and enough time and feedback will be very beneficial for the learners. Thus, learners are not aware of that. As a result, they need to be lead to the learning process mindfully so that they are aware of the opportunities and able to take it all for their own improvement. Seventh, learners work in an atmosphere with an ideal stressanxiety level. By placing them in particular atmosphere with stressanxiety level that they could handle, the results of the learning process itself is expected could give contribution to the development of the learners. Eighth, learner autonomy is supported. Learners are expected to be able to learn with their own willingness and strategy for the optimal learning improvement. In this condition, teacher plays role as the one who encourages students to think critically not to dictate them what to do.

4. Material

In this part, there are two main points that will be discussed. The first one is the definitions of material according to experts. The second one is the factors influencing in material development. 33

a. Definitions of Material

There are some definitions of material used in the study. According to Tomlinson 1998, material refers to anything that could be used to increase the learners’ knowledge or experience of the language. In other words, material could be books, dictionaries, workbooks or anything that could help learners understanding the language they learnt during the teaching learning process. Newby, Stepich, Lehman and Russell 2000 define that material or instructional material is the specific items used in the teaching and learning process and delivered through various media. If a teacher uses a book entitled Diary of Anne Frank to explain what journal is and how to make it, then we could say that the book is the material used by the teacher. Moreover, it is in line with what is being proposed by Tomlinson. O’Neil as cited in Kitao, 1997 adds that material is better to fit the students’ needs. The material would be better giving the chance for the students to prepare and review the lessons they learnt. b. Development of Material There are some points that should be taken into consideration in developing material for the teaching of languages. Tomlinson 1998 states some basic principle of the material development which is very beneficial for the improvement of language teaching and learning. Those are as follows. 1 Material Should Achieve Impact The material has given impact if it has obvious effect on learners in which their curiosity level increases and when learners’ interest and attention are attracted. There are some ways that could be done to create impact, those are 1