57
primarily comprised the historical data of local populations of people and animal for several years. Other important data was the availability of arable land
primarily paddy fields with technical irrigation. Land with technical irrigation was selected because SRI method or farming required easily managed water. In this
study, the sources of organic fertilizer were limited to agricultural organic wastes comprising paddy straw and animal wastes in particular dairy and beef cattle.
The collected data were used to make some predictions or forecasting for future condition. Population growth of people and animal was used for estimating
the available source of organic fertilizer needed for SRI organic rice farming. Due to limited available data, Verhulst growth model is suitable to be used for that
purpose Burghes Borrie 1981. Some optimization processes were conducted using Excel Server software. The general equation of the model is expressed as
follows:
1
The model was also used to predict the growth of land utilized for SRI organic farming based on the available data with some assumptions. The result
was used to calculate the organic fertilizer required yearly for organic farming. All predictions were made for future condition from 2006 up to 2020, in order to
analyze the potential sustainability of the SRI organic rice farming in the District of Sukabumi. This would give the general picture of the development of
sustainable organic rice farming using SRI method.
6.3. Results and Discussion
6.3.1. Social Factor
SRI was first introduced in West Java in the late of the 1990s by some NGOs. In 2000 a special training for farmer group leaders who were interested in
SRI from all over the province was conducted in Bandung, the capital city of West Java Province. This activity was still conducted by NGO with a sponsorship from
the Directorate of Irrigation of the Department of Public Work. The Department of
1
1 1
t o
e Y
Y Y
t Y
58
Agriculture now Ministry of Agriculture itself was then very skeptical about the new method. Although it was claimed to be the promising method to increase rice
production by many NGOs either from in-country or abroad in Asia, only a few special training program on SRI was sponsored by this government agency.
After finishing the training, it was expected that each farmer leader later would give training to his or her members so that they would conduct some trials
on the new method of farming. In the beginning most farmers were reluctant to adopt the new method since they were afraid of failure in harvest. It was
understandable since most farmers were smallholders of paddy fields and they were highly depended upon their land for living.
Since 2002, efforts in the dissemination of SRI among farmers in the District of Sukabumi have been initiated. Luckily, there is a kind of training center
on SRI in the Nagrak Sub-district in Sukabumi managed by a private individual entrepreneur. The center is called NOSC as the abbreviation of Nagrak Organic
SRI Center. So far this center has played an important role in disseminating SRI by sponsoring training programs at national level. This organization has even been
recognized internationally particularly by some Asian and African countries. With the existence of NOSC, acceleration of SRI dissemination in the
District of Sukabumi undoubtedly would occur. This was supported by the study result reported by Beadman 2009 which suggested that the uptake of SRI
techniques was high after training. About 86 of trained farmers altered some aspect of their farming practice, although most farmers were not fully utilizing the
methods that they had been taught due to some barriers to implementation such as pest management, irrigation control and access to compost or other organic
fertilizers. Uphoff et al. 2011 states that for some reason farmers might not want to, or cannot, use the full set of currently recommended SRI practices. However,
they can usually still benefit from using many or most of them depending on their particular production system circumstances including the resource base, agro-
ecological conditions, nature of water control, level of SRI experience gained, risk-averseness, etc. Nevertheless, it can be guaranteed that they will not get as
good results as they could with full and proper use of the methods Uphoff et al. 2011.
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With the number of farmers received SRI training increases, it could be expected that the number of farmers altering to the new method would also
increase. This means that the area of paddy fields with SRI organic farming would also increase from year to year. A more intensive training activity for farmers
associated with development program to increase rice production is required in the near future and can be conducted either by government or NGO agencies.
Supply of Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers might be in the forms of compost, bokashi, or direct spread of animal manure onto the field. Supply of organic fertilizer in this context
was calculated based on the following assumptions: a. The sources of organic fertilizers were limited to agricultural wastes paddy
straw and animal wastes, but household and industrial organic wastes could also be considered as supplement.
b. Only 50 of large animal beef and dairy cattle waste and 100 paddy straw production were used for the main sources of organic fertilizer.
c. Organic fertilizer was in the form of compost, i.e., a combination of straw compost and animal manure and urine compost.
d. Planting is two times a year. e. Organic fertilizer can be fully supplied for organic rice farming.
Kalsim 2007 conducted study on many aspects or SRI Rice farming practice in West Java. The following coefficients or parameters were used in the
calculation of organic fertilizer supply from animal waste Table 6.1. Table 6.2 shows the parameters that can be used to calculate household and industrial
wastes organic matter that can be turned into organic fertilizer especially compost. A rendement of 60 to convert from animal wastes 60 water content
was used here in the calculation of compost production. A fattening cow at least could produce compost 1.5 tonyear. General application of animal compost used
for paddy field is 10 tonha Prihandini Purwanto 2007. However, the Ministry of Agriculture gives a recommendation of organic fertilizer in the form of
compost as much as 7 tonha in the average
Yuwono et al.2011
. Usually farmers apply compost or other organic fertilizer with high doses on their paddy fields
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when they alter their farming method from inorganic or conventional to organic one for the first time.
Table 6.1. Organic fertilizer calculation parameters of animal waste
Required organic fertilizer two planting seasons tonhayr
14 Animal Organic Waste AOW
tonhayr 40 5.6
Household and Industrial Organic Waste HIOW tonhayr
60 8.4 Number of small animal required
headha 311
Production of small animal manure tonyrhd
0.01 Number of medium animal required
headha 18.7
Production of medium animal manure tonyrhd
0.3 Number of large animal required
headha 0.56
Production of large animal manure tonyrhd
5.0 Source: Kalsim DK. 2007. Parameter description is modified
Table 6.2. Organic fertilizer calculation parameters of household and industrial wastes
Conversion Unit
Value
Conversion of population to waste
1
m
3
personyr 0.003
Conversion of volumetric to weight of waste
1
kgm
3
450 Conversion of total waste to organic waste
2
33.86 0.3386
Sources:
1
RTRW Kota Sukabumi 2001 and
2
Yuwono 2005
Human and animal populations were predicted using Verhulst model Equation 6.1 and optimization processes were conducted using Excel Solver.
The source of secondary data of human and animal population and others used was Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sukabumi Local Bureau of Statistics,
District of Sukabumi see Table 6.3. All predictions were conducted during the years 2003 up to 2020. Based on the results of the prediction or trend, the
potential yearly supplies of organic fertilizers either from municipal HIOW and animal AOW sources can be seen in Table 6.4. The complete results of the
calculation are presented in Appendix 6.1. Generally composting of organic material is conducted through
biodegradation process in aerobic condition by mixing it with animal manure and microorganism as starter with certain composition. The same method can be used
for making paddy straw compost with various animal wastes and starters if needed. The time required for composting varies from 4 to 8 weeks. Good quality of
compost in Indonesia should meet the standard of SNI 19-7030-2004 Suryani 2010; Yuwono et al.2011.
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Table 6.3. Population data of human and animal in the District of Sukabumi
Year Human
Large Animal Medium Animal Small Animal
1961 1,037,123
na na
na 1970
1,306,880 na
na na
1980 1,627,529
na na
na 1990
1,968,263 na
na na
2000 2,346,976
na na
na 2003
2,471,389 28691
337054 7967618
2004 2,488,509
29744 193232
8863519 2005
2,512,753 29778
410483 9533147
2006 2,535,547
30129 446606
9001628 2007
2,558,947 31666
515596 9181278
Source: BPSKS 2009 From the data available, the supply of organic fertilizer considered in the prediction
only came from two sources, i.e., large animal beef and dairy cattle only and paddy straw
produced from farmers’ paddy fields. The paddy straw produced in one season would be used for the production of compost for the next season. The production of
paddy straw used in the calculation was 1.4 times the rice yield productivity per hectare Kim and Dale 2004 in ISROI 2009.
Table 6.4. Supply of potential organic fertilizer from municipal and animal wastes
Year Human Population
HIOW Animal Population
AOW SA
MA LA
Person ton
head head
head ton
2003 2,454,277
499 7,967,618 337,054
28,691 324247
2004 2,482,888
504 8,472,794 369,013
29,324 342052
2005 2,510,948
510 8,946,600 402,165
29,959 359911
2006 2,538,447
516 9,384,962 436,236
30,594 377690
2007 2,565,378
521 9,785,443 470,920
31,228 395270
2008 2,591,735
527 10,147,119 505,887
31,861 412542
2009 2,617,514
532 10,470,361 540,796
32,492 429402
2010 2,642,711
537 10,756,572 575,310
33,121 445764
2011 2,667,323
542 11,007,909 609,104
33,747 461545
2012 2,691,350
547 11,227,024 641,883
34,370 476685
2013 2,714,792
552 11,416,844 673,388
34,990 491135
2014 2,737,649
556 11,580,386 703,401
35,604 504844
2015 2,759,923
561 11,720,621 731,755
36,214 517803
2016 2,781,618
565 11,840,386 758,330
36,819 529998
2017 2,802,736
569 11,942,314 783,053
37,418 541429
2018 2,823,283
574 12,028,806 805,894
38,011 552111
2019 2,843,263
578 12,102,017 826,862
38,597 562064
2020 2,862,683
582 12,163,854 845,997
39,176 571318
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6.3.2. SRI Area Development
