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existence and what I do each hour an absolute quality as cited in Chiang, 1969, p. 72.
May utters that ―existential psychologists emphasize the universe struggle to find meaning in life, to live by moral standard, and to come to an understanding
of suffering and death‖ as cited in Chiang, 1969, p. 1090. Existential psychology related to this study is helpful for it tries to explore
Hanna Schmitz‘ awareness, what is going on in her mind and what is the meaning of being-in-the-world to her. Hanna Schmitz is a character who is responsible for
her own existence and how it affects the state of her inferiority complex is being questioned in this study.
B. Theoretical Framework
Here, the use and function of the approach and theories stated above in completing this study will be discussed briefly. There are four major theories,
namely the theory of character and characterization, psychoanalytic theory of personality, theory of inferiority complex, and the theory of existential
psychology. The first issue is about how the character of Hanna Schmitz is portrayed in
the story. The theories used to answer the question are the theory of character and characterization and the theory of personality. The theory of character functions to
describe several ways in knowing a character. The theory of characterization functions to categorize the character, here how is Hanna Schmitz categorized. The
theory of personality functions to understand the behavior of the character. Hence
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the writer uses the theory of character and characterization by Rohrberger and Woods, Abrams and Murphy, also the theory of personality by Horney.
The second issue concerns in Hannas inferiority complex and its causes as seen in The Reader. In figuring out the answer, the theory of inferiority complex
by Alfred Adler is the most theory employed. It gives further description about the things related to the cause of Hannas inferiority complex. It will be easier for the
readers to comprehend this study deeply as well. Psychoanalytic theory of personality by Horney and the theory of
existential psychology by Frankl, Nordby and Hall, and Magill are also employed to support the analysis of the description of Hannas inferiority complex.
Psychoanalytic theory of personality tries to understand Hannas inferiority complex concerning with the way she presents herself to the world. Existential
psychology related to this study is helpful for it tries to explore Hanna Schm itz‘
awareness, what is going on in her mind and what is the meaning of being-in-the- world to her. Other theories also support the writer for having a deeper analysis on
the issue.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
There are three parts to be discussed in this chapter. The first is the object of the study that is going to be discussed. The second is the approach of the study,
the theory used to analyze the study. The third is method of the study as the steps taken in analyzing the novel and how the approaches were applied to answer the
questions formulated in the problem formulation.
A. Object of the Study
In this study, the writer analyzes Bernhard Schlink‘s The Reader. It was written in 1997. It consists of 218 pages and is divided into 3 parts. The first part
consist of 17 chapters which tell about the romance of the two main characters. Part two consists of also 17 chapters which narrate about the trial that convict
Hanna, the main character, guilty for an holocaust. There are 12 chapters in the last part, relating to the ―re-connection‖ of the two main characters. The New York
Times reviewed The Reader : ―Arresting, philosophically elegant, morally
complex.... Marvelo us‖, also ―Moving, suggestive and ultimately hopeful...
Speaks straight to the heart‖. The novel begins with the first part when the male main character, fifteen-
year-old Michael Berg accidentally meets and helped by the female main character, thirty-six-year-old Hanna Schmitz, in his way home being ill in a West
German city in 1958. For additional information, known from the time and place
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