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The readers can also guess what kind of person the character is from the other people‘s conversations and anything they say about the character. This is an
easy way to determine the character of a person in the novel. The readers can be given the clue of how the character is by knowing ―how
the person reacts to various situations and events‖ p. 168. Here readers can see the quality of a character in dealing with conflicts or problems arise.
The author can describe or comment on person‘s character directly, he will direct his opinion about a character in the story itself. A direct knowledge of what
a person is thinking about, which is called thoughts, can also be the clue to understand one‘s character. What in the person‘s mind and what he feels reflect
on the character. Then the last is the mannerism. A person‘s habit in the novel and his
eccentricity could reveal the character of a person delivered by the author.
2. Theory of Psychology
In this part the writer presents the theory of psychology in which the theory of inferiority complex is discussed. To support the observation of the character,
theory of personality and the theory of existential psychology which are believed to help much then also discussed. The explanation is stated below.
a. Personality
Personality according to Kalish 1973 refers to ―the total individual and includes but is not limited to needs, motives, methods of adjusting, temperament
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qualities, self- concepts, role behaviors, attitudes, values, and abilities‖ p. 52. For
personality is dynamic, he defined further that personality is ―the changing and interacting organization of typical qualities into a whole that leads a man to
behave as he does and that makes him different from other people‖ p. 53. In the explanation of the theory of personality by Cloninger 2004 it is
stated that personality may have the greatest importance here known as the underlying cau
ses for a person or individual to ―behave‖ and ―experience‖ some series of the life p. 3.
Some psychologists do not agree with the same underlying causes, so there are three fundamental questions which would have various answers.
Personality description it considers the ways in which we should characterize an individual. Should we describe personality traits by
comparing people with one another or use some other strategy, such as studying an individual? What terms, beyond those offered in everyday
language, should be used to describe people? Something; it involves the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior p.
3.
That was the first fundamental questions. The second fundamental question according to Cloninger is ―how personality dynamics are then could be
understood‖ p. 3. People should adjust to the situations of their life, then how to do with that, and how culture and their own cognitive processes might influence
them. The third fundamental question stated by Cloninger is,
...what can be said about personality development? How does it reflect the influence of biological factors and experience in childhood and beyond?
How does personality change over the life of an individual, from childhood to adulthood? p. 3.
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The three fundamental questions above play a big role that every theory has consideration of them. There also some theories of psychology in which
personality can be revealed. Psychoanalytic theory of personality can explain better to reveal the personality of Hanna Schmitz.
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality, as proposed by Horney 1997, attempts to ―explain individual differences by examining how unconscious mental
forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, and behavior‖ p. 448. According to Horney
1967, difficulties do not arise from ―conflicts between ego, id, and superego, but from conflicts between a person and his environment‖ p. 121. It is
also added that ―environment which is not secure or not safe for a person will make him develop a basic anxiety, from which he will try to protect himself by
various defenses. Such a person may behave in three ways: move toward others and become over-compliant, against them in hostile aggressiveness, or away from
them in withdrawal and isolation‖ p. 122. Here psychoanalytic theory presents the neurotic needs as Nordby and Hall define
As a consequence of this basic anxiety, the individual develops various strategies to deal with his anxiety feelings. Some of these strategies may
become such strong characteristics of the personality that they become needs. She calls these neurotic needs because they are not rational
solutions as stated in Horney, 1974, p. 82
Realizing or not, an individual has neurotic needs that influence his
motivation preceding any actions or attitudes he makes, these needs are fulfilled in various levels according to each person then it will give satisfaction and
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meaning to life. Here below are of seven neurotic needs proposed by Horney 1974 which can be helpful to this study.
The first is neurotic need for affection and approval, this need concerns about the need of having good opinion from others about one. Here the person has
the necessities to ―please others‖ and to ―live up to their expectations‖, and he is very sensitive
to ―rejection‖ or ―feelings of unfriendliness‖ p. 82. The second is the need to restrict one‘s life within a narrow border. Here
the person demands very little of life and prefers to live inconspicuously as possible. He tends to stand apart from others and enjoy his life in modest manner
that is why he is careful not to draw attention to himself p. 83. This need can be related to introvert-extrovert personality types.
The third neurotic need is the need for self-sufficiency and independence. The person who has this kind of neurotic need refuses to become attached to
anyone, he then becomes a recluse or a ―loner‖. It is caused by disappointment of finding satisfying relationship, this need should be balanced with the need for a
partner, and the imbalance of this need will arise inner conflict para. 83. The fourth, and here becomes the last neurotic need in this study is the
neurotic need for perfection and unassailability. Here the person with this neurotic need has the tendency to be a perfectionist because the fear to make mistakes and
to be criticized. He will search for the weaknesses within himself so that he can disguise and conceal them before they become noticeable to others para. 84.
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Psychoanalytic theory of personality becomes an important instrument for analyzing the personality of Hanna Schmitz from the psychological approach
point of view.
b. Inferiority Complex
